MATERIAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE PLANT 1 67 



According to the theory of Bach and Chodat 1 the oxidases are not to be con- 

 sidered as simple substances; they consist of peroxidases (oxidizing enzymes) 

 and oxygenases (organic peroxides). Frequently the blue color with tincture 

 of gum guaiac appears only after addition of hydrogen peroxide, in which cases 

 it is evident that only peroxydase is present; hydrogen peroxide here takes the 

 place of oxygenases, which are absent. 



E. Büchner and his co-workers 2 have isolated an enzyme from yeast, which 

 splits glucose into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, the so-called zymase. If 

 compressed yeast is triturated in water with quartz sand and infusorial earth 

 (kieselguhr), and is then subjected to high pressure with a hydraulic press, a 

 liquid is obtained that is free from cells, and that produces a very active alcoholic 

 fermentation. For example, from 26 g. of glucose were obtained 12.4 g. of 

 alcohol and 12.2 g. of carbon dioxide. Thus, as the theory demands, almost 

 equal amounts of alcohol and of carbon dioxide are produced; 160 g. С 6 НиОо 

 = Q2 g. C 2 H 6 + 88 g. C0 2 . 



Zymase has also been isolated 3 by treating yeast with acetone. The yeast 

 is first pressed to remove most of the water and is then placed in' a sieve and 

 plunged in a flat dish of acetone for ten minutes. The material is then pressed 

 again, treated with acetone and washed with ether, after which it is pulverized 

 and dried (beginning at room temperature and ending at 65°C). This prepara- 

 tion, which possesses keeping-qualities, is on the market under the name of 

 zymin. 4 In sugar solutions it produces alcoholic fermentation. Lebedev 5 

 gives a good method for obtaining a very active enzyme from thoroughly 

 macerated dry yeast. 6 



More extended researches* upon alcoholic fermentation have shown that 

 zymase, like diastase, is not a single enzyme. 7 It is supposed that glucose is 

 split up by dextrase into two molecules of dihydroxyacetone, CH2OH — CO — 



1 Bach, A., and Chodat, R., Zerlegung der sogennanten Oxydasen in Oxygenasen und Peroxygenasen 

 Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 36 : 606-609. 1904. Chodat R., and Bach, A., Recherches surles ferments oxy- 

 dants. Arch. sei. phys. et nat. IV, 17: 477-510. 1904. Idem, Untersuchungen über die Rolle der 

 Peroxyde in der Chemie der lebenden Zelle. VII. Einiges über die chemische Natur der oxydasen. 

 Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 37 7 : 36-43. 1904. Idem, same title. VIII. Ueber die Wirkungsweise der 

 Peroxydase. Ibid. 37 ;/ : 1342-1348. 1904. Engler, C, and Weissberg, J., Kritische Studien über die 

 Vorgänge der Autoxydation. 204 p. Braunschweig, 1904. Haar, A. W. van der, Untersuchungen über 

 Pflanzen-Peroxydasen. I. Eine neue Methode der Peroxydasen-Gewinnung. Ibid. 43 //: 1321-1327. 

 19Ю. Idem, same title. II. Die Hedera-Peroxydase, ein Glucoproteid. Ibid. 43" : 1327-1329. 1910. 

 Bach, A., Die langsame Verbrennung und die Oxydationsfermente. Fortschr. naturw. Forsch. 1 : 85-140, 

 1910. Palladine, W., und Iraklionoff, P., La Peroxydase et les pigments respiratoires chez les plantes. 

 Rev. g6n. bot. 23: 225-247. 191 1. [For more recent literature see Atkins, 1916. [See note o, p. 11 5- I 



- Buchner, Eduard, Buchner, Hans, and Hahn, Martin, Die Zymasegarung, Untersuchungen über 

 den Inhalt der Hefezellen und die biologische Seite des Gärungsproblcms. München and Berlin, 1903. 



< Albert, R., Buchner, E., and Rapp, R., Herstellung von Dauerhefe mittels Aceton. Ber. Deutsch. 

 Chcm. Ges. 35 7/ : 2376-2382. 1902. 



5 It may be obtained from A. Schroder, München, Land wehrst rasse 45. 



4 Lebedew, A., Darstellung des aktiven Hefensaftes durch Maceration. Zeitsch. physiol. Chem. 73: 

 447-452. 191 1. 



s This is also to be obtained from Schroder, as '' Trocken-Hefe nach A. Lebedew.'* 



7 Jensen, P. Boysen, Die Zersetzung des Zuckers während des Respirationsprozesses. Ber. Deutsch. 

 Bot. Ges. 26a: 666-667. 1908. Idem, Sokkersonderdelingen under respirationsprocessen hos höjere 

 planter. Kjöbenhavn. 1910. * Buchner, Edward, and Meisenheimer, Jakob, Die chemischen' \ 

 bei der alkoholischen Gärung. (IV. Mitteilung.) Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 43": I773-I795- 1910. 



'This paragraph is omitted in the 7th Russian edition. — Ed. 



