418 DICOTYI.EDONES — MONOCIILAMYDEiE. 



the ovary ; its limb 4 — 5-cleft, with valvate aestivation. Sta- 

 mens 4f — 5, opposite to the segments of the perianth. Ovary 

 with from 1 — 4 ovules, fixed to the top of a central placenta. 

 Style 1. Stigma often lobed. Fruit hard, dry and drupaceous, 

 1-seeded. Albumen fleshy. — Trees or shrubs or herbaceous 

 plants. Leaves alternate or nearly so, ivithout stipules. Flowers 

 small. — The true Sandal-wood of commerce is Santalum album; 

 that of the Sandwich Islands, Santalum Freycinetiunum. As in 

 the preceding nearly allied Order of Thymele^, the bark is 

 renoarkably tough — Thesium, p. 75. 



Ord. LXXIII. ARISTOLOCHIEiE. Pma«M below ad- 

 nate with the ovary, above free, tubular, with an usually ir- 

 regularly lobed and often dilated limb. Stamens 6 — 10 or 12, 

 epigynous. Style simple. Stigma rayed. Fruit 3 — 6-celled, 

 many-seeded. Albumen fleshy. — Herbs or Siirubs, often climb- 

 ing. Leaves alternate. Wood ivithout concentric zones. — Active 

 eramenagogues. — 1. Aristolochia, p.312. 2. Asarum,jo. 191. 



Div. II, Flowers generally separated i moncecious or dicecious. 



(CvTiNEiE : in which is Rajfflesia Arnoldii, the largest known flower 

 in the world.) 



(Nepenthe>e is represented by the singular genus Nepenthes or 

 Pitcher Plant.') y 



Ord. LXXIV. EMPETRE^, Dioecious. Periatith of se- 

 veral hypogynous scales often arranged in 2 rows : the Stamens 

 equal in numbfer to their inner row. Oiary free, on a fleshy 

 disk. Style 1. Stigma with as many divisions as there are 

 cells. Fruit fleshy, with 3, 6 — 9 bony cells. Seeds solitary, 



ascending, with albumen Small Shrubs, with heath-lihe leaves, 



without stipules, and with small Jlowers : — of dubious afiinity. 

 EMPETRUiM, p. 350. 



Ord. LXXV. EUPHORBIACE.^. Anthers ^\^^pistils^vn 

 distinct flowers, with a free, 3- or more cleft jierianth (some- 

 times 0). — BarrenJIowers : stamens 1 or many. Anthers 2-celled. — 

 Fertile flowers : ovary 1. Styles 2 — 3. Stigmas 2 — 3, 2-Iobed 

 or compound. Capsule elastically opening into 2 — 3, 1- or 2- 

 seeded cells. Seeds suspended. Embryo in the axis of a fleshy 

 albumen. Radicle superior. Cotyledons flat. — Stems herbaceous 

 or woody. Leaves alternate, opposite or ivhorled, sometimes none. 

 — Acrid often milky vegetables, yielding food and poison, me- 

 dicine, dye and caoutchouc or India-rubber. The embryo is 

 powerfully acrid and dangerous, the albumen innocuous and 

 even eatable. Castor oil is extracted from the albumen of Rici- 

 nus communis .- Cascarilla of Europe is Croton Eleuteria .- oil of 

 Tiglium is from Croton Tiglium, a drastic purgative: Turnsol, 

 a valuable dye and a highly acrid and drastic plant, is C. tinc- 

 torium. Jatropha Manihot, a most poisonous plant, aff'ords the 



