MONOCOTYLEDONES — PETALOIDES. 421 



portance, inhabitants of various parts of the ivorld. Leaves li7iear, 

 acerose or lanceolate, rigid, entire at the margins or dilated and lobed, 

 always ivith parallel veins, sometimes fascicled and sheathing at 

 the base. — Fi'om the Pine (Pinus), Spruce (^Abies), and Larch 

 (Larix), we derive an immense quantity of useful Timber, Tur- 

 pentine, Pitch, &c. Larix communis yields Venetian Turpentine : 

 L. Cedrus is the Cedar of Lebanon. Gum Sandarach is supposed 

 to be the product of Thuja articulata. The berries of our com- 

 mon Juniper impart the peculiar flavour to Gin. Cedar pencils 

 are not made of the real Cedar of Lebanon wood, but of an Ame- 

 rican Juniper, Juniperus Virginiana. — Tribe L ABIETINE^. 

 1. PiNus, p. 325— Tribe II. CUPRESSINE^. 2. Junipe- 

 rus, j». 352 Tribe III. TAXINE.E. Taxus,/?. 352. 



(Cycade^. Plants with the habit of Palms, chiefly inhabiting' Asia 

 and southern Africa. One kind of Sago is extracted from Cycas cir- 

 citialis.) 



Class IL iMONOCOTYLEDONOUS' or Endogenous 



Plants. 

 Cellular and vascular. Stem with no distinction of Bark, 

 Wood and Pith, and no medullary rays; increasing in the centre 

 (thence endogenous), so that the oldest formation is external. 

 Leaves mostly alternate, often sheathing, generally with parallel 

 nerves. Flowers usually with a single perianth, the parts mostly 

 arranged in a ternary manner. Embryo with one cotyledon. 

 Plumule within the cotyledon ; radicle also included. 



Subclass I. Petaloide^. (Ord. LXXXI — XCVII.) 



Perianth more or less coloured, the pieces of ivhich it is composed 

 genei'ally with a ternary arra7jgeme7it, or tvafiting and naked (as 

 in Aroideae, Pistacese and Naiades. )- 



Div. I. Ovary free, not adnate ivith the perianth. 



Ord. LXXXI. ALISMACE^. Perianth of 6 pieces, the 

 3inner petaloid. Stamens hyi^o^ynous. Oro«es several, 1-celled. 

 Pericarps indehiscent. Seeds solitary, or 2 attached to the suture 

 at a distance from each other, erect or ascending. Albumen 0. 

 Embryo curved like a horseshoe, with the same direction as the 



■nhose structure has or.ly recently been fully explained by Brown and Richard, 

 and which with the Cycadece forms one "of the two groups into which Dr 

 Lindley divides all " Vascular or Flowering Plants,"— viz. the Angiospermia 

 and the Gymnospermia. To the latter the 2 families in question belong; they 

 alone possessing reallv naked ovules. 'I'he wood too of the Gtjmnospermia is 

 described as having cells with large apparent perforations, to which nothing 

 similar has been seen elsewhere. ] n the 2d. ed. of ProtVssor Lindley's JSalural 

 System of Botany, that author following Richard, has formed a separate or- 

 der of Taxus and its allies, " Taxinea." 



• From ,««»(!;, one or single, and xon/.r.luv, a cotyledon. 

 2 Thus excluding the Grasses andCyperaceous Families, vi'herethe Stamens 

 and Pistil are immediately covered by alternate imbricated iKembranaceovs 

 scales or bracteas, hence glumaceous. 



