Community Life in the Animal Kingdom. 19 



as models of human communism." Smallan^ agrees 

 with Ziegler on this point, and I hardly believe that 

 any intelligent naturalist will dispute their position. 

 But now let us examine the other conclusions these 

 statements imply. The social life of ants in spite of 

 its differing essentially from the human state, is 

 nevertheless the highest degree of community life in 

 the whole animal kingdom; even the social relations 

 among the highest apes are far from reaching the 

 perfection of ant states. The foundation indeed of 

 social life and division of labor in ant states is organic, 

 and is to a certain degree predetermined by nature 

 with aprioristic necessity through bodily polymor- 

 phism. Nevertheless, also with them the actuation 

 of the social instincts is guided and determined in its 

 details by the sensile cognition and experience of the 

 individuals. Whoever falsely styled this individual 

 sensuous experience of higher animals, such as dogs, 

 apes, etc., intelligence,^ should not be so inconsistent 

 as to deny to ants a high degree of the same '' individ- 

 ual intelligence.'^ Whoever without previous critical 

 analysis of his psychological notions maintains down- 

 right, that associations resulting from the sensile ex- 

 periences of the individual are intelligent, must credit 

 ants not only with the highest development of thely' 

 social instincts, but also with the highest development 

 of intelligence found in the animal kingdom. This 

 we wish to prove more in detail. 



^) "Altes und Neues aus dem Leben der Ameisen," in "Zeit- 

 schrift fuer Naturwissenschaft," LXVII (Halle, 1894), 39. 



') Which is done by Ziegler and nearly all modern zoologists, as 

 we have shown in "Instinct and Intelligence," chapt. 2. 



