Community Life in the Animal Kingdom. 87 



was about to run out, and pulling her hack from the 

 dangerous spot. To interpret such psychic manifesta- 

 tions in higher animals as "intelligent actions" is evi- 

 dently inconsistent with denying to ants an equal or 

 even higher degree of "individual intelligence." Criti- 

 cal psychology will regard such occurrences in ants 

 as well as in higher animals merely as associations of 

 sensile representations and impulses, which must be 

 classed as instinctive sensation, and not as intelligent 

 thought.^ The social instincts of animals, which in 

 their actual use are variously influenced and ruled by- 

 individual sense experience, perfectly explain all the 

 appearances of "fidelity," "obedience," "caution," etc., 

 which occur with state-forming insects not in a lower, 

 but rather in a higher degree than with apes and other 

 mammals. To credit higher animals with quasi-human 

 intelligence is, therefore, to humanize animals in a 

 manner equally arbitrary and inconsistent. 



To sum up the results of our comparative study on 

 the social life of ants and of higher animals. The 

 associations of apes and of higher Vertebrates are 

 based on social instincts, which lead them to co-operate 

 for mutual protection and defense, and partly, too, 

 for the procuring of food. This co-operation is more 

 or less powerfully influenced and varied in its manifes- 

 tations according to the sensile experiences and affec- 

 tions of different individuals. Exactly the same mode 

 of co-operation, but of a still more perfect, suitable, 

 and variable nature, we observe also in ant states. 

 With these animals, too, it is founded on social 



^) See "Instinct and Intelligence in the Animal Kingdom" 

 (Herder, St. Louis, Mo.), especially Chap. III. 



