CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 



Preface to the first edition .' iii 



Preface to the second edition v 



Translator's preface vi 



INTRODUCTION. 



Some ancient and modern views of the psychic life of 



ants and of higher animals I 



CHAPTER I. 



COMMUNITY LIFE IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



1. A general view of the forms of animal communities. 7 



Different degrees of community life in the animal kingdom. 

 Communities of bees and ants compared. Ant states, the 

 most perfect animal societies, both simple and complex. 



2. The social foundations of ant states 14 



Polymorphism, the organic foundation of ant societies. 

 Psychic ties in ant colonies. It is untenable to identify the 

 human "state" with that of ants. "Automatic" instincts 

 cannot sufficiently account for the latter. 



31. The communities of higher animals compared with 



those of ants 20 



Mutual warning of danger. Sentinels. Mutual "charity." 

 Nursing of the sick. Co-operation and division of labor. 

 Common defense. "Fidelity and obedience" in animal so- 

 cieties. Brief summary. 



CHAPTER II. 



WARFARE AND SLAVERY IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



I. Wars among higher animals 40 



Fables and stories of wars between troops of apes. The 

 latter use no weapons or tools. 



viii 



