Wars and Slavery in the Animal Kingdom. 41 



the social life of animals and of man, is supported by 

 facts, has been shown in the preceding chapter. Even 

 in higher mammals individuals of social communities 

 co-operate merely as far as their social instincts guided 

 by individual sensile experience will allow. In man, 

 however, community life is due to social instincts 

 as to its foundation only, hut in its perfect develop- 

 ment to the intelligent, free self-determination of indi- 

 viduals. Ziegler and Darwin are far from having 

 furnished the proof, that the latter element occurs also 

 in higher animals. Or do they perhaps think that 

 the wars which hordes of apes wage against each other 

 contain this proof? Let us see. 



In the above description it is stated that the baboons 

 roll down stones at their enemies intentionally, and 

 thus, as it were, use the stones as weapons, as e. g., 

 in 1809 the Tyrolese occasionally did in their struggle 

 for liberty against the French and Bavarians. But 

 regarding apes, the statement is a myth. Pechuel- 

 Loesche corrected the passage in the third edition of 

 Brehm's ''Tierleben." "We are told," he writes, ''that 

 apes defend themselves with broken branches, and it 

 is pretty generally assumed that they hurl down on 

 their opponents stones, fruits, pieces of wood and other 

 objects. This belief is probably due altogether to 

 inaccurate observation.^ Its originators and abettors 

 have perhaps seen only, what they from various 



^) We sincerely regret that Mr. Pechuel-Loesche was not allowed 

 to subject the 3d ed. of Brehm's "Tierleben," which he revised, to a 

 thorough psychological revision. Although several of the most offensive 

 passages were corrected or omitted, yet Brehm's peculiar style has not 

 changed; he cannot possibly refrain from intentionally humanizing the 

 brute. See a criticism of this work in "Natur und- Offenbarung," 

 XXXVII, 570. 



