82 Chapter II. 



On the Other hand, in opposition to those animal 

 psychologists who rank the ''mental faculties" of the 

 higher vertebrates incomparably above those of ants, 

 it is necessary to emphasize the fact, that no associa- 

 tion of apes or other mammals can compare, as to 

 psychic faculties, with the mixed colonies of ants, 

 especially with the sanguinea colonies. The rearing 

 of the offspring of closely allied species as useful 

 members of their own society is an arrangement never 

 found with apes. The- wars, therefore, and military 

 expeditions of ants addicted to this practice rank 

 much higher than the wars of baboons and other apes. 

 True, slavery among ants is based only on instinct, 

 not on intelligence. But anything higher than instinct 

 is not found in the societies of higher animals either. 

 In fact, the development of their social instincts is 

 rather far inferior to that of ants. 



5. Other Wars and Alliances of Ants, 



The slavemaking expeditions of the Amazons and 

 sangtiineas are indeed the most interesting; but by no 

 means the only wars waged by ants. There are many 

 other feuds and skirmishes, both between ants of dif- 

 ferent species and between different colonies of the 

 same species. Most of these feuds are caused by dis- 

 putes about subterranean or open-air boundaries, call- 

 ing for settlement "at the point of the sword." When 

 underneath a large stone there is a "compound ant 

 nest," i. e., when two or more different species have 

 built their respective nests in close proximity, they are 

 separated by walls of earth. No one ventures into 

 the neighboring realm, and woe to him, if he does; 



