Care of the Young in the Animal Kingdom. 151 



winged and not unlike the real females, polymorphism 

 and, in consequence, community life is less differen- 

 tiated than in ants, where the neuters are devoid of 

 wings and, — with many species, — are again divided 

 into different castes, namely, workers and soldiers. 

 The greatest variety of bodily differentiation, how- 

 ever, obtains in termites, which belong to the insects 

 with imperfect metamorphosis. In their case the 

 larva resembles the imago and is transformed grad- 

 ually with little change of outward appearance. There- 

 by termites present the organic foundation for a still 

 more abundant and variable division of castes, the 

 formation of which may embrace not only sexual indi- 

 viduals on the one hand, and workers and soldiers on 

 the other, but within these two categories again several 

 different classes or forms. ^ 



Not even the most ardent defenders of modern 

 animal intelligence would venture to attribute poly- 

 morphism, which is the fundamental law in the con- 

 stitutions of insect-states, to the "intelligence" of the 

 animals themselves. It is evidently based on the 

 hereditary laws of organic development. Just as it is 

 not owing either to his own intelligence or that of his 



^) Cf. Hagen, "Monographic der Termiten" ("Linnaea Entom- 

 ologica," X-XIV) ; Grassi e Sandias, "Constituzione e sviluppo della 

 Societa dei Termitidi," Catania, 1893. ("Atti dell' Accademia Gioenia 

 di Scienz. nat.," 4, VI and VII) ; Wasmann, "Einige neue Termiten 

 aus Ceylon und Madagaskar," in "Wien. Entom. Zeitung," 1893, 7th 

 issue; "Neue Termiten und Termitophilen aus Indien" ("Annali del 

 Museo Civico di Stor. nat. di Genova," 2, XVI, 1896, 613-630); 

 "Termiten von Madagaskar und Ostafrika" ("Verhandl. der Senkenberg. 

 Naturf. Gesellsch.," XXI, 1897, 1st issue); G. D. Haviland, "Observa- 

 tions on Termites" ("Linnean Society's Journal, Zoology," Vol. XXVI, 

 pp. 358-442). Dr. F. Silvestri "Ergebnisse biologischer Studien an 

 suedamerikanischen Termiten" ("Allg. Zeitschr. f. Entomol.," VII, 

 No. 9 ff.). 



