IMPLEMENTS AND HOW TO USE THEM 27 



has been put at the front of the breast, which does 

 away with the need for a knife coulter. 



The tail knife at the end of the mould board is 

 intended to ^plit the furrow slice and thus help in the 

 breaking up of the soil. This also can be moved up 

 and down as desired. 



The first thing to do in commencing to plough a field 

 is to mark out the headlands on which the horses turn 

 when ploughing. This operation simply consists of 

 ploughing a shallow furrow about 3 inches deep all 

 round the field which is to be ploughed. This furrow 

 should be turned outwards towards the fence and 

 should run about 4 yards from the fence and parallel 

 to it. 



The skilled ploughman will be able to gauge the 

 4 yards distance with his eye ; but the amateur will 

 find it a great assistance to place sticks at different 

 points 4 yards from the fence along the headland. 



Having marked out the headlands, we can commence 

 the ploughing proper. 



The land is ploughed in *' setts," "sections," or 

 ''lands," as they are variously called. These, as a 

 rule, are from 11 to 22 yards wide, but in the case of 

 winter crops the narrower "setts" arc preferable. 



In commencing to plough the land we have to do 

 what is called " opening out " — that is, two furrows 

 must be ploughed and thrown together. This is called 

 making the crown, or middle piece. It is the marking 

 out of the headlands, the making of the crown piece, 

 and the finishing up of the last furrow between two 

 setts that are the ticklish jobs, though by setting the 

 plough in a proper manner it really is quite simple even 

 for a beginner. 



