THE BUSH FRUITS 199 



plants for fall planting. If one is not ready to plant the 

 roots in the fall, they may be packed in moist soil out of 

 doors or in a cold cellar until early spring, when they 

 must be planted at the earliest possible time. But they 

 are not as certain to grow as when planted in the fall. 



Black-caps, purple-caps, and dewberries are propa- 

 gated by the rooting of the tips of the canes. These will 

 root by simply lying on the ground for a little time, but 

 the rooting will be hastened by covering with a little soil. 

 Raspberries are planted in hills three by four, or in rows 

 five feet apart, and blackberry plants in hills four by 

 five or in rows five or six feet apart. In the garden the 

 hills and rows may be closer than in the field, where the 

 horse is used in cultivating. All suckers that are not 

 needed to make up full rows or hills are treated as weeds. 

 Neither of these crops should be planted in the fence 

 corners or near the boundary line, as suckers will be sure 

 to spread over the line. Frequent cultivation must be 

 given to keep down the weeds. 



Black-cap and purple-cap raspberries are grown in 

 some sections for market, while in others there is de- 

 mand only for home use. The black-cap is hardy and 

 productive, but owing to onslaughts of insects and 

 fungous pests a plantation must be more frequently 

 renewed than the red varieties. The purple-caps are not 

 quite hardy and the color of the fruit makes it unsalable, 

 yet in quality it is superior to the red or black-caps. 



Pruning raspberries and blackberries is a simple proc- 

 ess. The fruiting canes should be cut out as soon as 

 the fruit has been gathered, and all surplus and weak 

 canes are taken out at the same time. Some growers 

 cut or pinch back the new growth to from two to three 

 feet high to make them grow stocky and be self-support- 

 ing, while others let the canes grow full length and sup- 

 port them by wires or other kinds of trellis. The work 



