CLAUDE BERNARD. 



1813-1877. 



BEKNAKD was born in the district of St. Julien (Rhfine), and 

 Marey in that of Beaune. Bernard's earlier days were spent 

 in Lyons, where he was assistant to a pharmacist. At first he 

 thought of the drama, and, indeed, wrote a vaudeville, La Rose du 

 Rhone, and, later, Arthur de Bretagne (published 1886). He went 

 to Paris and began to study medicine, helping to keep himself 

 by giving private tuition. After passing his examination he became 

 " interne " or House Physician to Magendie at the H6tel-Dieu, and in 



1841 Preparateur to Magendie in the College de France. At that 

 time Johannes Miiller was the leader of physiological thought in 

 Germany, E. H. Weber was making many experiments by applying 

 the laws of physics to physiological phenomena, Henle, Kemak, and 

 others were dealing with microscopical problems, Schwann had 

 published his cell theory and his discoveries in gastric digestion, 

 Magendie his work on physical phenomena, Tiedemann and Gmelin 

 their work on absorption. All these works had a more or less 

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