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contention cannot be sustained. But Corti also experimented with 

 the cells in racuo. A great interest attaches to this subject, viewed 

 in the light of Pasteur's famous classification of aerobic and 

 anaerobic organisms. 



" OssKrvazioni microscopiche mdla Tremella e sulla Circolazionn del Fluido in 

 una pianta acquajuola, dell' Abate Bonaventura Corti, Professore di Fisica nel 

 Collegio di Reggio. (In Lucca, 177-t, appresso Giuseppe Rocchi.) It contains Saggio 

 d' Osservazioni sulla Circolasdone del Fluido scoperta in una pianta acquajuola, 

 appellata Chara. Cimeiiti con olio, e con latte ; Cimenti col liquidi corrosivi, e 

 spirituosi ; Cimenti nel Vetro ; Cimenti col freddo." Quoted from Kiihne. 



Bowman's paper bears the significant title On the Structure 

 and Use of the Malpighian Bodies of the Kidney, with observations 

 on the circulation through the gland. Verily a paper that marks 

 an epoch. It brings us to the experimental researches of C. Ludwig 

 on this subject : 



" Reflecting on this remarkable structure of the Malpighian bodies, and on their 

 connection with the tubes, I was led to speculate on their use. It occurred to me 

 that as the tubes and their plexuses of capillaries were probably the parts concerned 

 in the secretion of that portion of the urine to which its characteristic properties are 

 due (urea, lithic acid, <tc.), the Malpighian bodies might be an apparatus destined to 

 separate from the blood the watery portion." (Pliil. Trans., 1842.) 



AUGUSTUS WALLER. 



1816-1870. 



AUGUSTUS WALLER, born in 181H, at Faversham, Kent, died 

 in 1870 at Geneva, after a short life of fifty-four years, that con- 

 tained a still shorter life little more than ten years of physio- 

 logical activity. But it was a period of strenuous and fruitful activity. 

 Waller was never a great teacher, but he was a great searcher. 

 The mark of the insatiable inquirer showed itself in the first year of 

 his novitiate as a student in the University of Paris, when he, so to 

 say, invented the frog's tongue as an object of physiological study, 

 and, on review of Waller's principal contributions to the science, it is 

 curious to recognise how they depend upon this his very first observa- 

 tion. Waller first spread out the frog's tongue for microscopic 

 observation of the circulation in 1839 ; seven years later, in 1846, he 

 published his notable (but at that time hardly noticed), Microscopic 

 Observations on the Perforation of the Capillaries l>y the Corpuscles 

 i>/ the Blood (Philosophical Magazine, Nov. 1846), and the numerous 

 memoirs that constitute his scientific output during the next ten years 

 are nearly all based on, or at least connected with, the frog's tongue. 



