300 GARDEN CULTURE. 



should be protected the first winter, and those rather less hardy 

 the second winter also, for a vine of a year old will frequently 

 perish by cold, when one of the same variety of three year's 

 growth will remain uninjured. A vineyard in a northern ex- 

 posure where the frosts are very severe in their effects, will of 

 course want more effectual protection than one facing the 

 south. Different means are used to guard vines against the 

 cold : in Denmark the vines are tied up with evergreens during 

 winter, which may be an eligible course where the stocks are 

 too large and strong to be bent down. The use of 'horse and 

 other manure, straw and litter of horses, or cattle, is objection- 

 able, as they are apt to becomfc heated during warm rains or 

 moist weather, and thereby create serious injuries. The more 

 dry and cool the vines are kept, the better ; for which reasons the 

 covering of the vines should not be performed until the warm 

 weather has subsided, and should be removed as soon as the 

 danger of severe frosts is past. For the purpose of covering 

 I prefer common sand, as it keeps the vines sufficiently cool 

 and dry, at the same time that it subserves the other objects 

 required. The following directions I have found suited to 

 this latitude, and they can be modified to suit any other : 

 In the course of the month of November, bend each vine gently 

 down, and if long, form it into a coil, and stake it to keep it 

 In its place ; after this, proceed to cover it, hilling the sand or 

 earth up from four to six inches, and sloping it to cast off the 

 rain. In the last week of March, the vines must be carefully 

 uncovered, and trained along the lattices, or tied to the poles 

 or other supports designed for them. These directions for 

 covering vines during the winter, are only necessary for the 

 climate north of the Potowmac ; for in the more southern 

 states, no protection of course is necessary. 



Garden Culture. 



The principal differences which distinguish the garden 

 culture from that of vineyards, Js the greater labour and atten- 

 tion bestowed on the former, attended with a degree of ex- 

 pense which the latter would not admit of, as from its far 



