THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 23 



Pacific the ocean floor is probably of a different 

 type ; for the land seen by Cook between 

 Ross's Sea and Graham Land will probably be 

 found to be of the Pacific type, formed of fold 

 mountains, parallel to the shore, off which 

 fragments of former island-festoons may still 

 remain. 



CHAPTER II. THE TEMPERATURE OF THE 

 SOUTHERN OCEAN. 



The climatic effect of an ocean upon an 

 adjacent continent depends mainly on its tem- 

 perature ; and the little we know of the sub- 

 surface temperatures of the Southern Ocean 

 shows that they are unusually complex. The 

 Challenger expedition, in b6th its traverses 

 across the Southern Ocean from the Cape to 

 the neighbourhood of Enderby Land, and thence 

 to Southern Australia, found the coldest water 

 in a sheet lying between the somewhat warmer 

 waters of the surface, and of greater depths. 

 The Challenger found a belt of warm water, 

 400 miles in width, overlying the cold tongue 

 of Antarctic water projecting northward. The 

 warmth of the surface was thought to be due to 

 an influx of water from the Indian Ocean, flowing 



