162 THE COCCIDAE 



mistaken for setae and described as such. The anal tube is normally 

 retracted and must be everted in order to expose the anal ring and 

 the anal ring cerores or orbacerores. These cerores in some species 

 excrete a fine tube of wax which extends beyond the body and 

 serves to carry the honeydew still farther away from it. The 

 anal ring in some species is subdivided into two parts or nearly so 

 and frequently one-half is larger than the other. Berlese in his 

 "Le Cocciniglie Italiane vivente Sugli Agrumi" gives several 

 excellent figures of the anal tube and its associated parts. This 

 masterpiece of Berlese, so rarely noted in the literature of the 

 Coccidae that one might readily forget its existence, is the most 

 complete and comprehensive work that has ever been published 

 dealing with the morphology of coccids. 



The caudal end of the anal tube on the ventral aspect may 

 bear two, four, six, or eight setae in a transverse or nearly trans- 

 verse row. The setae were named by Thro the fringe setae. The 

 seta at each lateral end of this row when there is more than two 

 fringe setae present, is usually larger than the mesal setae. When 

 there are only two fringe setae, each is located near a lateral 

 margin of the anal tube ; when there is four, they are usually 

 equidistant from each other, two on each side of the meson or 

 adjacent near each lateral margin. While the fringe setae are 

 always arranged in a transverse row, it is not always a straight 

 line but usually more or less curved. 



The ventral aspect of the outer wall of the anal tube in certain 

 species bears two longitudinal rows of setae, the hypopygial setae. 

 These rows usually converge cephalad or are parallel and appear 

 to be a continuation of the fringe setae. 



The position of the anus and anal ring at the cephalic end of 

 the anal tube and forming the cephalic boundary of its lumen has 

 already been indicated. The position of the vulva is difficult to 

 identify. It is located on the ventral aspect cephalad of the 

 external opening of the anal tube and the fringe setae. 



The lateral portion of the ventral aspect of each operculum 

 frequently contains a distinct longitudinal thickening, a ventral 

 thickening. It is also known as the ventral chitinous process of 

 the ventral plate. The ventral thickenings vary considerable in 

 length and breadth. The row of fringe setae appears to be limited 

 on each side by a ventral thickening. 



The distal half of each operculum bears several small setae. 

 There is one group which appears to form a line continuous with the 



