SUBFAMILY ASTEROLECANHNAE 185 



consistency, or the test may be dense and of considerable extent 

 bearing horn-like projections. The test is apparently, no matter 

 how extensive and complex, freely separable from the body of the 

 adult female. The species that form galls, as those belonging to 

 the genera Amorphococcus and Frenchia, and those that are at- 

 tended by ants have the body naked. The octacerores, while 

 usually confined to the dorsal aspect, are in a few species situated 

 upon the ventral aspect. They may be wanting in the adult 

 female, but are generally a characteristic feature of the first 

 nymphal stage where they are usually arranged in longitudinal 

 rows. There is considerable variation in the number and arrange- 

 ment of the octacerores, not only in the adult female but in the 

 nymphal stage. The test, in which there is an opening for the 

 escape of the young, is designated the ovisac by Newstead. 



There are small tubes extending through the cuticle into the 

 body cavity which have been designated by Green as the tubular 

 glands or tubular dermal glands. He believes that the homogenous 

 part of the test is excreted from these. The cuticular tubes are 

 evidently similar to the tubes found in certain naked lecaniids 

 and although characteristic in form for this group are undoubt- 

 edly homologous with the ceratubae of the diaspidids. 



While the species of certain genera form galls that are charac- 

 teristic in form, other species, as certain of those of the genus 

 Asterolecanium, form prominent crater-like depressions in the 

 bark in which the insect rests. 



The antennae in the adult female are variable in development, 

 they may be fully formed and consist of eight or nine segments or 

 of only a few segments, four or less, or be completely wanting. 

 They are attached, when present, to the ventral aspect of the head 

 some distance from the lateral margin. The antennae in the first 

 nymphal stage consist of six segments. 



The legs are usually wanting or rudimentary in the adult 

 female, frequently only represented by mere hooks, but are well 

 developed in Olifiella. In the first nymphal stage and also in the 

 second in at least certain genera the legs are present and normal 

 in size, form, and arrangement of parts. 



The extent of the thorax, since the legs are wanting in the 

 adult female in most species, can be determined only by the pres- 

 ence of the thoracic spiracles. They are normal in size. The 

 mesothoracic spiracles are located on a transverse line drawn 

 through the rostrum and the metathoracic spiracles in line with and 



