232 THE COCCIDAE 



have been identified on the ventral aspect a short distance cephalad 

 of the pygidial setae. The pygidial setae vary somewhat in size. 

 They are sometimes so large and so placed as to be mistaken 

 for plates, particularly in the median incisura when it lacks plates 

 or pectinae. But the insertion of each seta in a calyx should 

 remove any doubt as to its identity and structure. They are 

 also known as spines, poils, hairs, pili simplices, or peli semplici. 

 The dorsal and ventral setae appear in generalized specie* to be 

 segmen tally arranged. 



In the region of the vulva there is located a varying number 

 of minute clear rings or spots. These rings are of quite general 

 occurrence in many species, but they are especially distinct in 

 most species of Lepidosaphini and Diaspidini, and, where ever 

 they occur, their presence is usually easily determined. There 

 are four to six located just cephalad of the vulva, which are sit- 

 uated on the ventral aspect; there is another pair located slightly 

 farther caudad which are situated on the dorsal aspect; there is 

 sometimes another pair located cephalo-laterad of each group of 

 pregenacerores which are situated on the dorsal aspect; there is 

 one or more pairs located between this last pair and the proximal 

 ends of the lobes which are situated on the ventral aspect; and 

 there may be a considerable number near the caudal margin of 

 the pygidium which may be situated on the dorsal or the ventral 

 aspect. All of these clear spots have been considered by somo 

 writers and a part of them by other writers as micropores or the 

 openings of wax-pores, that is minute oraceratubae. The shaft of 

 a seta, although in most cases extremely minute, has been identi- 

 fied in every instance where these micropores have been care- 

 fully examined with an oil emersion objective. The rings are, 

 therefore, not wax-pores but the calices of setae. I was gratified 

 after this conclusion was reached to discover that Green figures 

 these structures as setae. 



There are in certain species near the proximal ends of the 

 lobes distinct club-shaped thickenings, which are known as par- 

 aphyses. They are also known as thickenings of the body-wall, 

 club-shaped thickenings of the body-wall, processes, elongate 

 thickenings of the body-wall, or processi chitenosi. They vary 

 greatly in size and form even in the same species. Their num- 

 ber, size, and form afford excellent characters for the differenta- 

 tion of species. The paraphyses are thickenings of the cuticle 

 of the dorsal aspect as was demonstrated by Comstock and differ 



