146 COCOA 



CHAP. VI 



The branch is then removed from the tree and carefully 

 planted. 



In order to obtain a well-formed stem it is always 

 preferable to have marcots made from watershoots ; but 

 even then great care is necessary to give the young tree 

 obtained by marcotting a good form. When this is not 

 done and the tree is allowed to grow, a bushy shrub is 

 the result. 



Though as yet it is not possible to say with certainty 

 which method is the best, the present author has more 

 confidence in the budding methods of Mr. Heyl and Mr. 

 Harris than in grafting by approach or marcotting. 

 The results obtained five years ago at Buitenzorg are 

 very good, as is shown by a photograph of the budded 

 trees when five years old (Fig. 54). 



Shade trees. In almost all cocoa-growing countries 

 cocoa is cultivated under shade. In the little island of 

 Grenada, in Brazil (Bahia) and San Domingo it is often 

 grown without shade trees, and also here and there in 

 several other countries. 



In Surinam two closely allied species of shade trees 

 are used, Erythrina glauca and E. velutina, both called 

 " koffie-mama " ("mother of the coffee"), from the 

 fact that they were formerly used as shade trees for the 

 coffee. When plantains or bananas have been grown 

 for two or three years and cocoa has been planted 

 between them at a distance of 15 to 18 feet, large 

 cuttings of the Erythrina are planted at a distance of 

 60 feet apart. After a few years the foliage of the 

 Erythrina forms a continuous roof above the cocoa. In 

 Surinam Erythrina glauca is mostly used. 



The velutina is also used in the low-lying lands of 

 Trinidad ; it is called here " bocare," and is generally 

 planted at a distance of 30 to 40 feet. In the higher 

 lands of Trinidad another closely allied species of 

 Erythrina is used, the so-called "anauco" (Erythrina 

 umbrosa). This "immortelle" ("immortelle" is in 

 Trinidad the vernacular name for both kinds of shade 

 trees) develops into large, tall trees with an extensive, 



