272 COCOA 



CHAP. 



different age, and make longitudinal tunnels of con- 

 siderable length, sometimes of 40 to 50 cm. (16 to 20 in.). 

 They generally bore from the basal part of the branch 

 or twig towards the top. Just before the transformation 

 into the pupal stage the caterpillar makes a horizontal 

 side-tunnel, which ends just under the epidermis of the 

 branch. Into this side -tunnel the caterpillar retires 

 and shuts off the main tunnel by means of a stop made 

 of small particles of wood ; this precaution is taken in 

 order to keep away enemies and parasites. 



The moth has a wing-spread of 4'5 to 5 cm. (1*8 to 

 2 in.), the length of the body being 3 to 3 '5 cm. (1*2 to 

 1*4 in.). The wings and the body are ash-coloured; 

 dark-green spots are to be seen in great numbers on 

 the wings, and a few also on the body. 



The Zeuzera borer is also an enemy of coffee, cinchona, 

 tea, and many other plants. It is possible, however, 

 that different varieties live on different plants. 



A Zeuzera, probably an allied species, has also been 

 observed in Africa (in Kamerun and San Thome). 



III. Insects attacking the leaves, twigs, and fruits. 



(1) In Ceylon the Helopeltis is the worst of all insect 

 pests, while in Java its damage is only surpassed by 

 that caused by the cocoa-moth. 1 Two species are to be 

 distinguished : Helopeltis theivora, which is prevalent 

 in very hot climates, and Helopeltis antonii (Fig. 93), 

 which is the more common species in cooler regions. In 

 the very hot coast region of Java the cocoa is principally 

 attacked by H. tlieivora, while on the mountains, where 

 the climate is cooler, it is gradually replaced by H. 

 antonii. 



The colour of the two species is slightly different. 

 The body of H. theivora is greenish ; the head and thorax 

 of H. antonii are reddish or black, while the abdomen 

 of the male is black and the back of the female green. 

 Very characteristic is the pin-like dorsal processus on 

 the scutellum (Fig. 93, a and c). With the aid of an 

 ovipositor the eggs are laid in the young fruits, or some- 



1 Zehntner, Bulletin No. 7 van het Proef station te Salatiga (1903). 



