IX 



COCOA-GROWING COUNTRIES 407 



cents (5d. to 8cL), while a woman is paid 15 to 25 cents I 

 (3d. to 5d.) per day. In Middle Java and a great part| 

 of East Java as many labourers are obtainable as are 

 necessary. 



The cost of production varies because the conditions 

 are so different in different parts of Java. For Middle 

 Java the following estimate may give an idea : 



1 It is admitted in this estimate that 1 bouw produces as an average 5 pikul. 



In this way the cost of production would be 16 

 guilders or 1 : 6 : 8 per pikul (60 kilograms), or about 

 25 cents (5d.) per kilogram. 



When cocoa is planted in old coffee fields (Fig. 117), 

 where the shade has been left, temporary shade is not 

 used ; and the cocoa is grown under quite other con- 

 ditions than those in the more classic cocoa countries, 

 where a preliminary and comparatively dense shade, 

 such as bananas, is considered necessary to the young 

 cocoa plants. 



The habit of cocoa plants planted in these old 

 coffee fields is, accordingly, not normal. The tree 

 ramifies at a rather low height (Fig. 118 and Fig. 35). 

 This may account for the system often followed of 

 letting a sucker grow up, in order to form a second 

 branch system above the first one. 



When new fields are established in Middle Java, 

 the cocoa is often combined with randoe or " kapok " 



