112 DISTRIBUTION OF EXTINCT ANIMALS. [part ii. 



extend so far south. We have here remains of Equus, Bos, 

 Antilope, Hippopotamus, Elephas, Rhinoceros, Ursus, Canis, 

 and Hycena, together with Phacoclmrus, an African type of 

 swine which has not occurred in the European deposits. 



It is perhaps to the earlier portion of this period that the 

 Merycotherium of the Siberian drift belongs. This was an 

 animal related to the living camel, thus supporting the view that 

 the Camelidce are essentially denizens of the extra-tropical zone. 



Pliocene Period. 



Primates. — We here first meet with evidence of the existence 

 of monkeys in Central Europe. Species of Macacus have left 

 remains not only in the Newer Pliocene of the Val d'Arno in 

 Italy, but in beds of the same age at Grays in Essex ; while 

 Semnopithecus and Cercopithecus, genera now confined to the 

 Oriental and Ethiopian regions respectively, have been found in 

 the Pliocene deposits of the South of France and Italy. 



Carnivora. — Most of the genera which occurred in the Post 

 Pliocene are found here also, and many of the same species. Few 

 new forms appear, except Hyamarctos, a large bear w T ith characters 

 approaching the hyaenas, and Pristiphoca, a new form of seal, 

 both from the Older Pliocene of France ; and Galecynus, a fox- 

 like animal intermediate between Canis and Viverra, from the 

 Pliocene of OZninghen in Switzerland. 



Cetacea. — Species of Balcena, Physeter, and Dclphinus occur in 

 the Older Pliocene of England and France, and with these the 

 remains of many extinct forms, Balccnodon and Hoplocctus 

 (Balsenidse) ; Belemnoziphius and Chone&iphius (Hyperoodontidae), 

 and Halitherium, an extinct form of the next order — Sirenia, 

 now confined to the tropics, although the recently extinct Bytina 

 of the N. W. Pacific show r s that it is also adapted for tem- 

 perate climates. 



Ungulata. — The Pliocene deposits are not very rich in this 

 order. The horses (Equidai) are represented by the genus Equus ; 

 and here we first meet with Hipparion, in which small lateral 

 toes appear. Both genera occur in British deposits of this age. 



