chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORLD. 115 



vast number of remains of extinct mammalia, as to solve many 

 zoological problems, and to throw great light on the early distri- 

 bution and centres of dispersal of various groups of animals. In 

 order to show the bearing of these remains on our special sub- 

 ject, we will first give an account of the extinct fauna of Greece, 

 of the Upper Miocene period ; since this, being nearest to Africa 

 and Asia, best exhibits the relations of the old European fauna 

 to those countries. We shall then pass to the Miocene fauna of 

 France and Central Europe ; and conclude with the remarkable 

 Siwalik and other Indian extinct faunas, which throw an addi- 

 tional light on the early history of the animal life of the great 

 old-world continents. 



Extinct Animals of Greece. 



These are from the Upper Miocene deposits at Pikermi, near 

 Athens, and were collected by M. Gaudry a few years ago. 

 They comprise ten living and eighteen extinct genera of mam- 

 malia, with a few birds and reptiles. 



Primates. — These are represented by Mcsopithecus, a genus 

 believed to be intermediate between the two Indian genera of 

 monkeys, Semnopithecus and Macacus. 



Camivora. — These were abundant. Of Fclis there were four 

 species, ranging from the size of a cat to that of a jaguar, a large 

 hycena, and a large weasel (Mustcla). Besides these there were 

 the huge Machairodus, larger than any existing lion or tiger, and 

 with enormously developed canine teeth ; Hymnictis and Lycarna, 

 extinct forms of Hysenidae ; Thalassictis=Ictitlicrium, an extinct 

 genus of Viverridse but with resemblances to the hyaenas, repre- 

 sented by three species, some of which were larger than any 

 existing Viverridse ; Promephytis, an extinct form of Mustelidae, 

 having resemblances to the European marten, to the otters, and 

 to the S. African Zorilla ; and lastly, Simocyon, an extraordinary 

 carnivore of the size of a small panther, but having the canines 

 of a cat, the molars of a dog, and the jaws shaped like those of 

 a bear. 



Ungulata. — These are numerous and very interesting. The 

 Equidse are represented by the three-toed Hipparion, which con- 



