chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORLD. 123 



of mastodons ranged over India, their remains being found in all 

 the deposits from the Siwalik Hills to Burmah. A large Dino- 

 therium has also been found at Perim Island. 



Beptiles. — Many remains of birds were found, but these have 

 not been determined. Reptiles were numerous and interesting, 

 the most remarkable being the huge tortoise, Golossochclys, whose 

 shell was twelve feet long and head and neck eight feet more. 

 Other small tortoises of the genera Testudo, Emys, Trionyx 

 and Emydida were found, the Emys being a living species. 

 There were three extinct and one living species of crocodile, 

 and one of them was larger than any now living. The only 

 other reptile of importance was a large lizard of the genus 

 Varanus. 



General Observations on the Miocene faunas of Europe and 

 Asia. — Comparing the three faunas of approximately the same 

 period, and allowing for the necessarily imperfect record of 

 each, we find a wonderful similarity of general type over the 

 enormous area between France on the west and the Irawaddy 

 river in Burmah on the east. We may even extend our com- 

 parison to Northern China, where remains of Hywna, Tapir, 

 Rhinoceros, Chalicotherium, and Elephas, have been recently 

 found, closely resembling those from the Miocene or Pliocene 

 deposits of Europe or India, and showing that the Palasarctic 

 region had then the same great extent from west to east 

 that it has now. Of about forty genera comprised in the 

 Indian Miocene fauna, no less than twenty-seven inhabited 

 Central and Western Europe during the same epoch. The Indian 

 Miocene fossils are much what we should expect as the fore- 

 runners of the existing fauna, the giraffes and hippopotami 

 being the only additions from the present Ethiopian fauna. 

 The numerous forms of the restricted bovine type, show that 

 these probably originated in India ; while the monkeys appear 

 to be altogether of Oriental types. 



In Europe, however, we meet with a totally different assem- 

 blage of animals from those that form the existing fauna. We 

 find apes and monkeys, many large Felidse, numerous civets 



