194 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi. 



the rough-legged buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus) ; the snowy owl 

 (Nyctea scandiaca) ; the raven (Corvus corax) ; three buntings 

 (Emberiza schceniculus, Plectrophanes nivalis and P. calcarata) ; a 

 lark (Otocorys alpestris) ; several pipits, the most northern being 

 Anthus cervinus ; a wagtail (Budytes cinereocapilla) ; a dipper 

 (Cinclus melanogaster) ; a warbler (Cyanecula suecica) ; the 

 wheatear (Saxicola cenanthe) ; and two ptarmigans (Lagopus 

 alius and L. salicetus). Most of these birds are, of course, only 

 summer visitors to the Arctic regions, the only species noted as 

 a permanent resident in East Finmark (north of latitude 70°) 

 being the snow-bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis). 



The birds that are characteristic of the zone of pine forests, 

 or from about 61° to 70° north latitude, are very numerous, and 

 it will be sufficient to note the genera and the number of 

 species (where more than one) to give an idea of the ornitho- 

 logy of this part of Europe. The birds of prey are, Falco (three 

 species), Astur (two species), Butco, Pandion, Sicrnia, Bubo, 

 Syrnium, Asio, Nyctala. The chief Passerine birds are, Corvus 

 (two species), Pica, Garrulus (two species), Nucifraga, Bomby- 

 cilla, Hirundo (two species), Muscicapa (two species), Lanius, 

 Sturnus, Passer (two species), Pyrrhula, Carpodacus, Loxia (two 

 species), Pinicola, Fringilla (eight species), Emberiza (five 

 species), Alauda, Anthus, Turdus (five species), Ruticilla, Pratin- 

 cola, Accentor, Sylvia (four species), Hypolais, Regulus,Phylloscopus 

 (two species), Acrocephalus, Troglodytes, and Parus (six species). 

 Woodpeckers are abundant, Picas (four species), Gecinus, and 

 Yunx. The kingfisher (Alcedo), goatsucker (Caprimulgus), and 

 swift (Cypselus) are also common. The wood-pigeon (Columba) 

 is plentiful. The gallinaceous birds are three grouse, Tetrao (two 

 species) and Bonasa, and the common quail (Coturnix). 



The remaining genera and species of temperate or north- 

 European birds, do not usually range beyond the region of 

 deciduous trees, roughly indicated by the parallel of 60° north 

 latitude. 



Plate I. — Illustrating the Zoology of Central Europe. — 

 Before considering the distribution of the other classes of 

 vertebrata, it will be convenient to introduce our first illustra- 



