chap, x.] THE PAL^ ARCTIC REGION. 223 



included in Pere David's list, but no doubt occur only in the 

 lowlands and warm valleys, and can hardly be considered to 

 belong to the Paloearctic region : Paguma, Helictis, Arctonyx, 

 Rhizomys, Manis. The Rhizomys from Moupin is a peculiar 

 species of this tropical genus, but all the others inhabit Southern 

 China. 



A few additional forms occur in Japan : Urotrichus, a peculiar 

 Mole, which is found also in north-west America ; Enhydra, the 

 sea otter of California; and the dormouse (Myoxus). Japan also 

 possesses peculiar species of Macacus, Talpa, Meles, Canis, and 

 Sciuropterus. 



It will be seen that this sub-region is remarkably rich 

 in Insectivora, of which it possesses ten genera ; and that 

 it has also several peculiar forms of Carnivora, Ptodentia, and 

 Ruminants. 



Birds. — To give an accurate idea of the ornithology of this 

 sub-region is very difficult, both on account of its extreme rich- 

 ness and the impossibility of defining the limits between it and 

 the Oriental region. A considerable number of genera which 

 are well developed in the high Himalayas, and some which are 

 peculiar to that district, have hitherto always been classed as 

 Indian, and therefore Oriental groups ; but they more properly 

 belong to this sub-region. Many of them frequent the highest 

 forests, or descend into the Himalayan temperate zone only in 

 winter ; and others are so intimately connected with Paleearctic 

 species, that they can only be considered as stragglers into the 

 border land of the Oriental region. On these principles we 

 consider the following genera to be confined to this sub-region : — 



Grandala, Nemura (Sylviidee) ; Pterorhinus (Timaliidie) ; 

 Cholomis, Conostoma, Heteromorpha (Panuridre) ; Cyanoptila 

 (Muscicapidae) ; Eophona (Fringillidae) ; Dendrotreron (Colum- 

 bidae) ; Lophoylioms, Tetraophasis, Crossoptilon, Pucrasia, Thau- 

 inn lea, and Ithaginis (Phasianidse). This may be called the 

 sub-region of Pheasants ; for the above six genera, comprising 

 sixteen species of the most magnificent birds in the world, are 

 all confined to the temperate or cold mountainous regions of 

 the Himalayas, Thibet, and China ; and in addition we have 



