chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 347 



of all these are found in the Philippines except four, viz., Cin- 

 clidse, Phyllornithidse, Eurylsemidae, and Podargidse. The only 

 Philippine families which are, otherwise, exclusively Austro- 

 Malayan are, Cacatuidse and Megapodiidae. Yet although the 

 birds are unmistakably Malayan, as a whole, there are, as in 

 the mammalia (though in a less degree), marked deficiencies of 

 most characteristic Malayan forms. Lord Walden gives a list 

 of no less than 69 genera thus absent ; but it will be sufficient 

 here to mention such wide-spread and specially Indo-Malay 

 groups as, — Eurylcemus, Nydiornis, Arachnotliera, Geocichla, 

 Malacopteron, Timalia, Pomatorhinus, Phyllornis, lor a, Criniger y 

 Enicurus, Chaptia, Tchitrea, Dendrocitta, Eulahes, Palceornis, 

 Miglyptes, Tiga, and Euplocamus. These deficiencies plainly 

 show the isolated character of the Philippine group, and imply 

 that it has never formed a part of that Indo-Malayan extension 

 of the continent which almost certainly existed when the pecu- 

 liar Malayan fauna was developed ; or that, if it has been so 

 united, it has been subsequently submerged and broken up to 

 such an extent, as to cause the extinction of many of the absent 

 types. 



It appears from Lord "Walden's careful analysis, that 31 of the 

 Philippine species occur in the Papuan sub-region, and 47 in 

 Celebes ; 69 occur also in India, and 75 in Java. This last fact 

 is curious, since Java is the most remote of the Malayan islands, 

 but it is found to arise almost wholly from the birds of that 

 island being better known, since only one species, Xantholcema 

 rosea, is confined to the Philippine Islands and Java. 



The wading and swimming birds are mostly of wide-spread 

 forms, only 6 out of the 60 species being peculiar to the Philippine 

 archipelago. Confining ourselves to the land-birds, and com- 

 bining several of the minutely subdivided genera of Lord Wal- 

 den's paper so as to agree with the arrangement adopted in this 

 work, we find that there are 112 genera of land-birds repre- 

 sented in the islands. Of these, 50 are eithsr cosmopolitan, of 

 wide range, or common to the Oriental and Australian regions, 

 and may be put aside as affording few indications of geographical 

 affinity. Of the remaining 62 no less than 40 are exclusively 



