474 GEOGRAPHICAL ZOOLOGY. [part iv. 



Tortoise-shell, Peacock, Painted Lady, and Purple Emperor 

 butterflies. They are found wherever butterfly-life can exist, 

 and some single species — like the Painted Lady {Pyrameis 

 cardui) — range almost over the globe. A few of the more 

 extensive and remarkable genera only, can be here noticed : — 



Colcenis, Agraulis, JEresia, Synchloe, Epicalia, Eunica, Eubagis, 

 Catagramma, Callithea, Ageronia, Timetes, Hetcrochroa, Prepona, 

 Hypna, Paphia, and Siderone, are wholly Neotropical, as well 

 as many others which have a smaller number of species. 

 Euryphene, Bomaleosoma, Aterica, and Harma, are exclusively 

 Ethiopian. Terinos, Athyma, Adolias, and Tancecia, are Oriental, 

 but they mostly extend into the Moluccan region; the last 

 however is strictly Malayan, and Adolias only reaches Celebes. 

 Mynes alone, is exclusively Australian, but ProtJwe is almost so, 

 having only one outlying species in Java. Eurytela and Ergo- 

 lis are confined to the Oriental and Ethiopian regions, but the 

 latter reaches the Moluccas. Cethosia, Cirrhochroa, Messaras, and 

 Symphcedra, are both Oriental and Australian ; while Junonia, 

 Cyrestis, Diadema, Neptis, and NympTiali-s, are common to the 

 three tropical regions of the Eastern Hemisph ere, the latter ex- 

 tending into the Mediterranean district, while Junonia occurs 

 also in South America and the Southern United States. 



The most cosmopolitan genus is Pyrameis, which has repre- 

 sentatives in every region and every district. Apatura is found 

 in all but the Ethiopian and the Australian, although it just 

 enters the confines of the latter region in Celebes ; Limenitis 

 is abundant in the Oriental region, but extends eastward to 

 Celebes and westward into Europe, North America, and even 

 into South America. Argynnis, Mditma, and Vanessa, are almost 

 confined to the Palsearctic and Nearctic regions ; the former 

 however occurs in the Himalayas and in the mountains of Java, 

 and also in Chili and in Jamaica. Two genera — Dicrorrhagia 

 and Helcyra — have both one species in North India and another 

 in the island of Ceram. The number of genera peculiar to each 

 region is as follows : — Neotropical, 50 ; Australian, 2 ; Oriental 

 ] 5 ; Ethiopian, 14 ; Palsearctic, 1 ; Nearctic, 0. 



