Ill 



PHONATION AND AKTICULATION 



169 



be tenuis, due to the slight sound that accompanies the opening 

 of the glottis previous to the utterance of a vowel (spiritus lenis 

 of the Greeks, aleph of the Hebrews, hamze of the Arabs), or 

 fortis (spiritus asper, Greek ; lie, Arabic). The latter sound is 

 absent in Italian, but exists in many languages (harp, house, 

 Hans). The mute h is sometimes represented (as a historical 

 reminder) in Italian, French, and English, but is frequently 

 omitted in written language. 



In pronouncing s the constriction is usually produced by 

 contact of the lateral edges of the tongue with the entire dental 



FIG. 113. Articulation of set. (Griitzner.) FIG. 114. Articulation of scia. (Griitzner.) 



Impression left by the tongue stained with carmine previous to articulation. 



arcade, except the small anterior median space opposite the two 

 incisor teeth (Fig. 113); the sound is due to the escape of air 

 through this narrow passage. 



The English th is formed by applying the tip of the tongue 

 above the lower incisors till it lightly touches the lower lip 

 (interdental articulation). 



Both s and th may be pronounced without the voice (thick, 

 thing}, or with the voice (those, that}. The mute th corresponds 

 to Oa and the sounding th to 8a of modern Greek. 



The fricative which the Germans write sch, the French ch, 

 and the Italians sci, is distributed through all known languages, 

 and is really a simple consonant, although in a few languages 

 (Sanskrit, Hebrew, Cyrillian and Glagolitic dialects of Slav) it 



