in PROBATION AND AKTICULATION 173 



hieroglyphics of the ancients. Among the different Teutonic 

 idioms the German language is the most faithfully represented in 

 its writing. 



Of the Neo-Latin languages, French has certainly retained its 

 archaic form in writing more closely than the others ; because the 

 evolutionary transformations of the language spoken by the people 

 were not adopted in the written form, owing to the prejudices of 

 the grammarians. In Italian and Spanish, on the contrary, the 

 written language is a more faithful transcript of the pronunciation. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



For this subject the student may consult articles by JON. MULLER, LONGET, 

 GRUTZNER (in Hermann's Handbuch), BRUCKE, GAD and HEYMANS, SCHAEFER. 



The principal Monographs and Memoirs are : 



LISKOVIUS. Phys. d. Menschl. Stimme, 1846. 



HARLESS. Art. Stimme i. d. Wagners's Handwb'rt. d. Physiol., 1853. 



LEPSIUS. Das allgemeine linguistische Alphabet. Berlin, 1855. 



DONDERS. Arch. f. d. holland. Beitrage f. Nat. u. Heilk., 1857. 



CZERMAK. Der Kehlkopfspiegel, etc. Leipzig, 1860. 



THAUSING. Das nattirliche Lautsystem. Leipzig, 1863. 



MERKEL. Anat. u. Physiol. d. menschl. Stimm- und Sprachorgans, 1856. Antro- 



pophonik. Leipzig, 1857. Physiol. d. menschl. Sprache. Leipzig, 1866. 

 FOURNIE. Physiologic de la voix et de la parole. Paris, 1866. 

 RUMPELT. Das natiirliche System d. Sprachlaute. Halle, 1869. 

 KONIG. Annal. d. Physik, vii., 1876 ; cxxxxvi., 1872. 



SIEVERS. Grundziige der Lautphysiologie. Leipzig, 1879. (Now in its 5th ed.) 

 BRUECKE. Grundziige d. Physiol. u. Systematik d. Sprachlaute. Wien, 1836. 



(Now in its 5th ed.) 



GAVARRET. Phenomenes physiques de la phonation et de 1'audition. Paris, 1877. 

 HELMHOLTZ. Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen. Braunschweig, 1877. 



(Tr. by Ellis from 3rd ed., 1875.) 

 AUERBACH. Ann. d. Physik, iii., 1878. 

 GARCIA. Mem. sur la voix humaiue, 1855-1861-1878. 

 SCHNEEBELI. Arch, des sc. phy. et nat. i., 1879. 



OERTEL. Ueber d. Mechan. des Brust- und Falsett-Register. Stuttgart, 1882. 

 BELL, A. M. Sounds and their Relations. London, 1882. 

 TECHMER. Phonetik. Leipzig, 1880. International Zeitschr. f. allgemeine 



Sprachwissensch. i., 1884. 



SWEET. A Primer of Phonetics. Oxford, 1890. 

 SEMON. Brit. Med. Journ. London, 1886. 

 FRENCH. Verhandl. d. intern. Congr. Berlin, 1890. 

 STORN, J. Englische Philologie. Leipzig, 1892. (Vol. i. contains a critical review 



of all the important works on phonetics published between 1840 and 1880.) 

 WYLLIE. Disorders of Speech, 1894. 

 PIPPING. Zeitschr. f. Biol., xxvii., xxxi., 1890-94. 

 BREYMANN, H. Die phon. Literatur von 1876-1895. Leipzig, 1897. 

 HERMANN. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. Ixi., 1895; Ixxxiii., 1900. 

 HALLOCK. Am. Ann. Photogr. 1896. 



FLEEMING-JENKIN and EWING. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. xxxviii., 1897. 

 HENSEN. Arch. ital. de biol., 1901. 

 ROUSSELOT. Principes de phonetique experimental e. Paris, 1897-1901. Les 



Modifications phonetiques du laugage. Paris, 1891. 

 G. ASCOLI. Archivio glottologico itaTiano, vol. i., 1873. 

 SCRIPTURE, E. W. Elements of Experimental Phonetics. New York and London, 



1902. 

 JESPERSEN, 0. Lehrbuch d. Phon. Leipzig, 1904. 



