378 PHYSIOLOGY CHAP. 



Comparative physiology gives instances of peripheral motor 

 ganglia which are quite analogous to those of the sympathetic 

 system, e.g. the stellate ganglion of the Cephalopoda (Baglioni, 

 1903). 



This short chapter on the functions of the sympathetic nervous 

 system must not be concluded without pointing out that all the 

 arguments which Langley and other experimental physiologists 

 bring forward to show that the peripheral ganglia of the sym- 

 pathetic are incapable of functioning as true reflex centres apply 

 only to the vertebral or prevertebral ganglia, and cannot be 

 extended to the still more peripheral nervous system, which, in 

 the form of gangliated plexuses, is intimately related to the 

 muscular elements, as the intrinsic ganglion system of the heart 

 and blood-vessels, Auerbach's plexus in the gastro-intestinal walls, 

 etc. In Chaps. IX. and X. Vol. L, and Chap. IV. Vol. II., we 

 reviewed the experimental facts from which it may be concluded 

 that these nerve organs are capable, even when separated from 

 the cerebrospinal axis, of provoking true reflex acts, the so-called 

 peripheral reflexes. 



Unless we admit these peripheral reflexes and recognise their 

 great importance, it is impossible to explain the astonishing 

 results observed by Goltz and Ewald after ablation of the spinal 

 cord in dogs, which were discussed in the concluding paragraphs 

 of the last chapter (pp. 352 et seq.). 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



MAYER, S. Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie, vol. ii.. Leipzig, 1879. 



GASKELL. Journ. of Physiol., vol. vii., 1886. 



v. KOLLIKER. Handbuch der Gewebelehre, vol. ii. Leipzig, 1896. 



BOTTAZZI, F. Riv. di patol. nervosa e mentale, 1897. 



LANGLEY. Schafer's Textbook of Physiology, vol. ii., 1900. 



LANGLEY. Ergebnisse des Physiol., ii., Part ii., 1904. 



LANGLEY. Brain, vol. xxvi., 1903. 



LANGLEY. Journ. of Physiology, vols. xxx. and xxxi., 1905. 



LEWANDOWSKY. Die Funktionen des zentralen Nervensystems. Jena, 1907. 



SCHULTZ, P. Nagel's Handbuch der Physiologie, vol. iv., 1909. 



These works contain numerous other references. 



Recent English Literature : 



LANGLEY and ORBELLI. Observations on the Sympathetic and Sacral Autonomic 

 Systems of the Frog. Journ. of Physiol., 1910, xli. 450. 



LANGLEY and ORBELLI. The Sympathetic Innervation of the Viscera. Journ. of 

 Physiol., 1910, xl. p. Ixii. 



ANDERSON. Paralysis of Involuntary Muscle with Special Reference to " Para- 

 doxical Contraction." Journ. of Physiol., 1903, xxx. 290. 



LANGLEY and MAGNUS. Movements of the Intestine before and after Degenerative 

 Section of the Mesenteric Nerves. Journ. of Physiol., 1905-6, xxxiii. 34. 



ELLIOTT. The Innervation of the Bladder and Urethra. Journ. of Physiol., 

 1906-7, xxxv. 367. 



