v THE MENTAL PHENOMENA OF ANIMALS 125 



the modes of motion of the cerebral substance of 

 an ape, or of a dog, produce like effects. 



A dog acts as if he had all the different kinds 

 of impressions of sensation of which each of us is 

 cognisant. Moreover, he governs his movements 

 exactly as if he had the feelings of distance, form, 

 succession, likeness, and unlikeness, with which 

 we are familiar, or as if the impressions of relation 

 were generated in his mind as they are in our own. 

 Sleeping dogs frequently appear to dream. If 

 they do, it must be admitted that ideation goes 

 on in them while they are asleep; and, in that 

 case, there is no reason to doubt that they are 

 conscious of trains of ideas in their waking state. 

 Further, that dogs, if they possess ideas at all, 

 have memories and expectations, and those 

 potential beliefs of which these states are the 

 foundation, can hardly be doubted by any one 

 who is conversant with their ways. Finally, there 

 would appear to be no valid argument against 

 the suppposition that dogs form generic ideas of 

 sensible objects. One of the most curious pecu- 

 liarities of the dog mind is its inherent snobbish- 

 ness, shown by the regard paid to external re- 

 spectability. The dog who barks furiously at a 

 beggar will let a well-dressed man pass him 

 without opposition. Has he not then a " generic 

 idea " of rags and dirt associated with the idea of 

 aversion, and that of sleek broadcloth associated 

 with the idea of liking? 



