II THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE 55 



and alcohol had not been easily obtainable ; and 

 if the gradual perfection of mechanical skill for 

 industrial ends had not enabled investigators to 

 obtain, at comparatively little cost, microscopes, 

 telescopes, and all the exquisitely delicate appar- 

 atus for determining weight and measure and for 

 estimating the lapse of time with exactness, which 

 they now command. If science has rendered the 

 colossal development of modern industry possible, 

 beyond a doubt industry has done no less for 

 modern physics and chemistry, and for a great 

 deal of modern biology. And as the captains of 

 industry have, at last, begun to be aware that the 

 condition of success in that warfare, under the 

 forms of peace, which is known as industrial 

 competition, lies in the discipline of the troops and 

 the use of arms of precision, just as much as it 

 does in the warfare which is called war, their 

 demand for that discipline, which is technical 

 education, is reacting upon science in a manner 

 which will, assuredly, stimulate its future growth 

 to an incalculable extent. It has become obvious ' 

 that the interests of science and of industry are 

 identical ; that science cannot make a step forward 

 without, sooner or later, opening up new channels 

 for industry ; and, on the other hand, that every 

 advance of industry facilitates those experimental 

 investigations, upon which the growth of science 

 depends. We may hope that, at last, the weary 

 misunderstanding between the practical men who 



