VIII NATURAL AXD POLITICAL RIGHTS 353 



both sides perform acts which a more developed 

 intelligence symbolises by these moral ideas. 



I have pointed out in the course of this discus- 

 sion that among the jurists of old Rome, who first 

 systematically developed the conceptions of the 

 " Law of Nature " and " Natural Rights," Ulpian 

 rightly judged that brutes came under such law 

 and had such rights, no less than men. It is 

 obvious that, without recurrence to that " state of 

 nature " of mankind, of which so very much is said 

 and so very little known, an individual man, 

 isolated from his fellows and removed from all 

 social relations, comes under the same law of 

 nature; and has "natural rights "in exactly the 

 same sense as the individual tiger possesses them. 

 Before the advent of man Friday, Robinson 

 Crusoe's right and might were coextensive, except 

 in so far as he might be influenced by remembrance 

 of the moral and civil laws of his former social 

 existence. There was no reason why he should 

 abstain from doing anything it pleased him to do, 

 and which lay within the scope of his natural 

 faculties. No one would deny that he had a 

 natural right to take possession of his cave ; to cut 

 down the trees that suited his purpose ; to gather 

 fruits; to kill any of the wild goats for his 

 subsistence ; to shoot any number of the cannibal 

 visitors, who would otherwise kill him for their 

 subsistence. Crusoe's "natural rights" thus 

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