II NOTES 111 



than those of the Cynics. If it were steadily borne 

 in mind that the conception of the ' flesh ' as the 

 source of evil, and the great saying ' Initium est 

 salutis notitia peccati,' are the property of Epicurus, 

 fewer illusions about Epicureanism would pass 

 muster for accepted truth. 



Note 15 (p. 75). 



The Stoics said that man was a <Sov Xoywcov 

 KOSTIKOV <f>i\d\\r]Xov, or a rational, a political, and 

 an altruistic or philanthropic animal. In their 

 view, his higher nature tended to develop in these 

 three directions, as a plant tends to grow up into 

 its typical form. Since, without the introduction of 

 any consideration of pleasure or pain, whatever 

 thwarted the realization of its type by the plant 

 might be said to be bad, and whatever helped it good ; 

 so virtue, in the Stoical sense, as the conduct which 

 tended to the attainment of the rational, political, 

 and philanthropic ideal, was good in itself, and 

 irrespectively of its emotional concomitants. 



Man is an " animal sociale communi bono genitum." 

 The safety of society depends upon practical recog- 

 nition of the fact. " Salva autem esse societas nisi 

 custodia et amore partium non possit," says Seneca. 

 . fra, ii. 31.) 



Note 16 (p. 75). 



The importance of the physical doctrine of the 

 Stoics lies in its clear recognition of the universality 



