144 SCIENCE AND MORALS in 



data. Finally, if the belief in the uncausedness 

 of volition is essential to morality, the student of 

 physical science has no more to say against that 

 absurdity than the logical philosopher or theo- 

 logian. Physical science, I repeat, did not invent 

 determinism, and the deterministic doctrine would 

 stand on just as firm a foundation as it does if 

 there were no physical science. Let any one who 

 doubts this read Jonathan Edwards, whose de- 

 monstrations are derived wholly from philosophy 

 and theology. 



Thus, when Mr. Lilly, like another Solomon 

 Eagle, goes about proclaiming " Woe to this wicked 

 city," and denouncing physical science as the evil 

 genius of modern days mother of materialism, 

 and fatalism, and all sorts of other condemnable 

 isms I venture to beg him to lay the blame on 

 the right shoulders ; or, at least, to put in the 

 dock, along with Science, those sinful sisters of 

 hers, Philosophy and Theology, who, being so 

 much older, should have known better than the 

 poor Cinderella of the schools and universities 

 over which they have so long dominated. No 

 doubt modern society is diseased enough; but 

 then it does not differ from older civilisations in 

 that respect. Societies of men are fermenting 

 masses, and, as beer has what the Germans call 

 " Oberhefe " and " Unterhefe," so every society that 

 has existed has had its scum at the top and its 

 dregs at the bottom ; but I doubt if any of the 



