V IN HUMAN SOCIETY 205 



The primitive savage, tutored by Istar, appro- 

 priated whatever took his fancy, and killed 

 whomsoever opposed him, if he could. On the 

 contrary, the ideal of the ethical man is to limit 

 his freedom of action to a sphere in which he 

 does not interfere with the freedom of others ; he 

 seeks the common weal as much as his own ; and, 

 indeed, as an essential part of his own welfare. 

 Peace is both end and means with him; and he 

 founds his life on a more or less complete self- 

 restraint, which is the negation of the unlimited 

 struggle for existence. He tries to escape from 

 his place in the animal kingdom, founded on 

 the free development of the principle of non- 

 moral evolution, and to establish a kingdom of 

 Man, governed upon the principle of moral 

 evolution. For society not only has a moral 

 end, but in its perfection, social life, is embodied 

 morality. 



But the effort of ethical man to work towards 

 a moral end by no means abolished, perhaps has 

 hardly modified, the deep-seated organic impulses 

 which impel the natural man to follow his non- 

 moral course. One of the most essential condi- 

 tions, if not the chief cause, of the struggle for 

 existence, is the tendency to multiply without 

 limit, which man shares with all living things. 

 It is notable that " increase and multiply " is a 

 commandment traditionally much older than the 

 ten ; and that it is, perhaps, the only one which 



