BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. xvi 
structure of the body which affect its external form in various 
attitudes. Several ingenious working models were devised espe- 
cially to illustrate these lectures, as well as a colossal papier-maché 
model of a disarticulated human skeleton. The attendance, more 
than half of which consisted of ladies, on this course of lectures 
was very large, and fully proved the success of his experiment. 
In the following year he chose as the subject of his last course 
“The Protoplasmic Theory of Life, and its bearing on Physiology,” 
in it explaining the nature of the modern cell-theory, and the 
conclusions deducible from it. These lectures were likewise 
numerously attended. . 
Meanwhile Garrod maintained as actively as ever his re- 
searches into the anatomy of Mammalia and Birds, and his pro- 
jected work on the latter group occupied much of his attention. 
The anatomy and classification of the enormous group of Passerine 
Birds especially attracted him, and he published four important 
papers on that subject in the Zoologica] Society’s Proceedings, pro- 
pounding in them a new division of the entire group, based on his 
own and others’ observations. About this time he took in hand 
the production of an English edition of Johannes Miiller’s cele- 
brated paper on the vocal organs of Passerine Birds. This had 
originally appeared in the “Abhandlungen” of the Berlin 
Academy; but, although containing results of the greatest im- 
portance, was hardly at all known in England. It was translated 
into English by F. Jeffrey Bell; and edited, with an appendix con- 
taining much additional information on the same subject, arrived 
at from his own researches, by Garrod. Early in 1879 it was 
completed and published, the publication having been undertaken 
by the delegates of the Clarendon Press, Oxford. 
Another piece of work that may be mentioned was the section 
on the “Ruminantia” in Cassell’s “ Natural History,” in which he 
still further elaborated his investigations into the natural history 
and anatomy of his favourite group. Being based on original 
observations and study of specimens, its value must not be measured 
by that of certain other portions of the same book, for it 
undoubtedly gives the best general account of this group of 
animals yet published in our language. 
During the three years’ cruise of H.M.S. “Challenger,” the 
naturalist staff had made a considerable collection of birds in spirit, 
which was especially rich in oceanic birds, particularly in the group 
of Petrels and Albatrosses (Tubinares). With the examination of 
b 
