Page 193. 
322 ON THE ANATOMY OF CHAUNA DERBIANA, 
as Dr. Crisp remarks,* transversely plicated, to produce an appear- 
ance much like coarse valvule conniventes. 
Nothing like the above-described condition is to be observed in any 
other bird, not even in Struthio or Rhea, in both of which, as typically, 
the ceca enter the commencement of the uniformly cylindrical colon 
by fair-sized orifices, not surrounded by a special sphincter. This 
being the case, I cannot agree with Prof. Parker’s remarkf that 
“there is nothing whatever in the digestive organs, which are 
extremely voluminous, to separate the bird from the Geese.” 
Respiratory Organs.—Prof. Parkerf{ remarks, “the trachea and 
inferior larynx are truly anserine; for there are no inferior laryngeal 
muscles, the contractors of the trachea ending one-third of an inch 
above the bifurcation, and only a delicate fan-shaped fascia going to 
the half-rings. Moreover the trachea itself, from being fiat and car- 
tilaginous, becomes round and then compressed, and osseous an inch 
above the bronchi, so that it cannot be mistaken for any other than 
the trachea of an anatine bird.” In that the lower end of the trachea 
is of smaller diameter than is the tube higher up, in that in the same 
part the constituent rings are in close contact without scarcely any 
intervening membrane, in that there are two pairs of tracheal muscles 
running to the thoracic parietes, and in that the intrinsic lateral 
tracheal muscles end before they reach the bifurcation of the bronchi, 
the syrinx of the Screamers approaches that of some of the Anseres ; 
but in that there is no special modification of the organ in the male, 
and in the absence of chondrification or ossification of what are 
generally present as dilating rings or half-rings to the bronchi, the 
Screamers are not Anserine, and in the latter feature peculiar. 
There is nothing remarkable in the rings of the windpipe, their 
interlocking producing the well-known key-pattern. The last two 
are greatly compressed laterally, so that the membranous bronchi, in 
each of which there are only a very few slender half-rings, arise quite 
close together. As can be seen from the figures, Plate [14] XII. figs. 2, 3, 
4, the lateral muscles of the trachea are peculiarly powerful; the upper 
extrinsic pair is inserted into the middle of the membrane which runs 
between the body of the coracoid bone and the corresponding limb of 
the furcula on each side; the lower close to the costal process of the 
sternum, at the back of the sterno-coracoid articular margin of the 
former bone. The intrinsic muscle on each side descends the windpipe 
to end by bifurcating opposite the origin of the sterno-tracheal 
muscle, and ceases, its anterior portion higher than its posterior, six or 
seven’ rings lower down, some distance above the bifurcation of the 
* “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” 1864, p. 16, 
+ “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” 1863, p. 514. t Loe, cit, 
