360 ON THE ANATOMY OF PASSERINE BIRDS. 
and Bucorvus, the only difference from Upupa is that the extra onter 
fasciculus is very much shorter, as seen in Plate [22] XLIX. fig. 2. 
The lengthy tendon from the major pectoral, which is particularly — 
large, is represented. 
In the Alcedinide the differences are so considerable in the several 
genera that I reserve the description of the muscle in this order for 
a future occasion. 
As the Cuculide and Musophagide are frequently included to- 
gether with the families above referred to, the arrangement of the 
short tensor in these birds is represented in Plate [23] L. fig. 3 and in 
Plate [22] XLIX. fig. 3. In all the Cuculide the undivided tendon runs 
on to the ulnar superficial fascia without any complication. In 
the Musophagide the whole tendon is comparatively feeble, and, if 
it were more definite at its margins, would be exactly like that in 
Upupa. 
Next, with reference to the division of the order Passeres into 
minor sections. 
Four or five pairs of muscles running to the ends of the estandk 
three bronchial semirings constitute the Oscine syrinx, the distinctive 
features of which are therefore its acromyodian and complex nature. 
MM. Keyserling and Blasius were the first to associate with this the 
bilaminate planta—an exception to which occurs in the case of the 
Alaudide, as we all know, these birds possessing a divided planta, 
together with an Oscine syrinx. Mr. Sclater has kindly referred me 
to a paper by Mr. Strickland* on Heterocnemis nevia (there called 
Holocnemis flammata), in which it is shown that in that Formicarian 
bird the character of the planta is indistinguishable from that of the 
bilaminate Oscines. With reference to this and closely allied genera 
it must be noted that the scutellation of the front of the tarsus is 
also obliterated, so that the simplicity of the planta is only a partici- 
pation of the condition which maintains in the tarstis generally. 
Therefore, with this exception (which from its associations can hardly 
be looked upon as such), it may be said as yet that no bird which is not 
acromyodian has a bilaminate planta. 
Nevertheless the law enunciated by Cabanis, to the effect that 
when in a Passerine bird possessing ten primary remiges the first 
is very long, then that bird is not Oscine (or Acromyodian), but 
“ Clamatorial”’ (or Mesomyodian), led that able ornithologist to place 
Pitta in the latter group, although it possesses a bilaminate planta; 
since which time Johannes Miiller is not the only biologist who has 
* “ Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.,” 1844, vol. xiii. p. 415. 
