394 ON THE ANATOMY OF THE RUMINANTS. 
especially so. In Nannotragus nigricaudatus the equally small psalte- 
rium is even more simple, there being but six primary lamine of any 
depth; and these are covered with peculiarly large and pointed 
papillz, three more being evidently their lateral homologues, although 
reduced to papillary rows. The conditions are represented in figs. 2 
- (Cephalophus) and 3 (Nannotragus). 
Page 7. 
The psalterium of Moschus moschiferus differs essentially from — 
any other with which I am acquainted. Prof. Flower has fully 
described and figured it*, at the same time that he has pointed out 
how much the specimen in the Museum of the College of Surgeons 
differs from that the account of which is given by Pallas.t Mr. 
Flower has kindly permitted me to examine the specimen. The 
nineteen plice all belong to the primary cycle without doubt; and as 
this number is that of the primary together with the secondary folds 
in most ruminants of the same size, it appears to me that their pecu- 
liarity consists in the exaggerated development (to the size of the 
primary) of the second cycle. These lamine are also peculiarly close 
to one another at their lines of attachment, which is further in favour 
of this view. Between some of the folds I have detected lines of 
papille ; but their presence is the exception, not the rule. 
Where the psalterium is large it is sometimes found that longi- 
tudinal rows of papillary lines are present at intervals on the primary 
folds, and even the secondary lamine. These are very conspicuous in 
Portaz preta. 
In some quadruplicate and in all quinquiplicate psalteria the cycles 
of smallest lamine are nothing more than rows of papille. In other 
quadruplicate psalteria the cycles of the fourth power are developed as 
true folds without any ultimate lines of papille. Whether or not this 
is the case is indicated in Table I. (p. 393) by the descriptive name in 
column X., whatever the power, being printed in roman letters or 
italics. When in italics the lamine of the highest power are only 
represented by papillary rows. 
The liver is always simple and small, being situated almost entirely 
on the right side of the median line. The umbilical fissure never 
extends more than one half through the organ, generally less. The 
lateral fissures never exist. 
The gall-bladder is absent in all the Cervidw, according to my 
observations, and in the genus Cephalophus among the Bovide. 
The caudate lobe is very variable in size, and is frequently smaller 
in adult than in young individuals. In most species it is elongate, 
* “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1875, p. 170. 
+ “Spicilegia Zoologica,” fasc. xiii. (1779). 
