Page 15. 
402 ON THE ANATOMY OF THE RUMINANTS. 
Moschus| the styloid process [tympano-hyal] becomes free almost im- 
mediately at the base of the auditory process, while in the Bovide, or 
Cavicorn Ruminants, it is enclosed, more or less completely, for some 
distance in the downward and forward direction.”’ And in all the 
Cavicornia which I have examined, the tympano-hyal bone is situated 
on the outer side of the petrosal; whilst in many of the Cervidee it is 
posterior, between the petrosal of the temporal and the paramastoid of 
the occipital bone. In Cervus porcinus and Awis maculata, however, 
the expanded auditory bulla insinuates itself from the inner side, 
between the tympano-hyal and the paroccipital process, as in the 
Cavicornia. Neither in any of the American Cervide, except C. 
leucotis, nor in Rangifer tarandus, Alces machlis, Capreolus caprea, 
Cervus dama, nor in the genera Cervulus and Hlaphodus, does it 
do so. 
In the other Deer (Elaphine, Rusine, and their allies), including 
Elaphurus davidianus and CO. leucotis, there is aesmall process of the 
petrosal, incomparably less than in the Cavicornia, which, from the 
inner side, partially or just removes the tympano-hyal from the par- 
occipital (as seen without damage to the skull). This is well marked 
in Hydropotes inermis; and Moschus moschiferus is peculiar, in that 
from the outer side a process is sent inwards to join the other, and so 
completely to encircle the tympano-hyal with a ring of bone in a very 
suspiciously Cavicorn manner. The Giraffe, in this respect, much 
resembles Moschus. 
It is worthy of note that in Cervus antisiensis the median incisors 
are not triangular, in which respect it agrees with Rangifer and 
Moschus and differs from the Cervide generally. In O. leucotis they 
are so. In C. pudu, as in Moschus, the Giraffe, and many Cavicornia, 
there is only one submental foramen on each side—not two, as in by 
far the majority of the Deer. 
The peculiar way in which, on each side, the palatal surface of the 
interval between the canine tooth and the first premolar is cut away in 
all the true Ruminantia, and not in the Tragulide, is interesting as a 
separating feature. In the Cervide there is a difference from the 
Cavicornia in the arrangement of the region just in front of this. In 
the Sheep and its allies the median palatal process of each premaxillary 
bone extends back in the palatal region between the maxille for some 
distance behind the most anterior portion of the facial surface of the 
~maxillary bone, broadening as they go backwards for some distance, 
and then narrowing to a point somewhat abruptly. In no Deer which 
carries antlers have I found this arrangement, the median palatal pro- 
cesses of the premaxille in them being always slender (sometimes 
only incompletely developed), of uniform breadth, and terminating 
posteriorly at a point scarcely behind the line which joins the canine 
