| ON THE ANATOMY OF TUPAIA. 471 
raphé. It much resembles the same structure in Cheiromys.* Dr. 
Cantor says of the same organ in Tupaia ferrugineat that “on the 
lower surface of the tongue the frenum is continued to within a short 
distance of the apex, in a raised line, on either side of which the skin 
1 is thickened, fringed at the edges, and thus presenting a rudimentary 
7 sublingual appendage, somewhat similar to that observed in Nyctice- 
bus tardigradus, though in Tupaia ferruginea the fringes of the margin 
only are free, the rest being attached to the tongue, but easily detached 
by a knife.” 
e palate is transversely grooved, presenting upon its surface 
seven strong curved ridges, convex forward, and a small median 
incisor pad at its anterior end. The soft palate is smooth and lengthy, 
with no indication of the existence of a uvula. 
The cesophagus has no free course in the abdominal cavity, being 
embraced by the diaphragm quite close to the cardiac orifice of the 
stomach. 
The stomach is subglobose, with the cardiac and pyloric extre- 
mities approximate. When laid out flat its circumference is 62 
inches, the interval between the axis of the cesophageal tube and that 
of the commencing duodenum being 0°9 inch. The squamous epithe- 
lium of the cesophagus does not enter the stomach, but ceases at its 
orifice, as in man. The gastric walls are simple, except that there 
are somewhat larger glands, in patches, on the anterior (ventral) 
~ surface. 
The liver has no umbilical fissure, whilst both lateral fissures are 
strongly marked. There is a cystic fissure, at the bottom of which 
the fundus of the gall-bladder reaches the diaphragmatic surface of 
the organ. The left lateral, with its irregular inner margin, is the 
largest of the lobes; next comes the right central, on the visceral 
surface of which the imbedded gall-bladder lies diagonally. The 
right lateral lobe is slightly larger than the left central, and the 
caudate lobe is but little smaller, whilst the Spigelian is a small sub- 
circular mass of hepatic tissue supported on a very slender stem. The 
bile and pancreatic ducts open together into the duodenum half an 
inch from the pylorus. 
The walls of the intestines are thin. The meat intestine is 29°25 
inches in length, and 0°8 inch in circumference. The large intestine Page 303. 
measures just over 3 inches, the conical and blunt-tipped cecum not 
exceeding 0°7 inch in length. In Dr. Cantor’s specimen of Tupaia 
ferruginea the small intestine-is longer, reaching 40 inches. The 
mesenteric arteries form loops before they finally distribute. 
i 
t 
: 
; 
: 
* Owen, “Transactions of the Zoological Society,” vol. V. Pl. XXIV. figs. 8 & 9. 
+ “Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,” 1846, p. 189, vol. xv. 
