Page 361. 
484 ON THE TRACHEA OF THE GALLINZA. 
windpipe [as in so many of the birds under consideration, and de- 
pendent, no doubt, upon the proximity of the cesophagus]; but 
anteriorly the lowermost twelve rings are thinned in such a way that 
the intervals are uniform and deeper than the rings forming them, at 
the same time that their breadth is half the circumference of the tube 
itself, they continuing across the middle line, except in the case of the 
lowermost three, which are divided up by median junctions of the 
rings, narrow and not fused between the antepenultimate and the one 
above it, broad and blended in the two below it. There is a narrow 
medio-anterior vertical fibrous bond between all the upper thinned 
rings, taking the place of the lower cartilaginous isthmuses. Posteriorly 
the penultimate and antepenultimate rings blend in the middle line, the 
pessulus joining the former in the usual manner. The last ring is 
typical and incomplete behind. The first bronchial semiring is large 
and concave upwards. 1t develops a considerable angle on its convex 
border in front, at the spot where the next semiring meets it. Behind 
_ it is peculiar from its inconsiderable thickness, it meeting the corre- 
sponding extremity of the last tracheal ring for some distance, opposite 
which part it is so narrow that the expanded hinder end of the 
second semiring does not manage to reach it, and remains separated 
by a small interval. The second semiring meets it in front, and 
sends inwards beyond the articulating spot a pointed process of some 
length. The lower bronchial rings are similarly pointed and prolonged 
in front. ; 
The bronchidesmus is powerful, at the same time that its posterior 
margin is the place of insertion of the pair of contiguous powerful 
muscles that runs down the back of the windpipe, and spreads laterally 
so much as to be just seen in the anterior view of the organ. — 
The windpipe of Oreortyx pictus differs in detail from that of the 
bird just described. The penultimate and last rings of the trachea 
blend in the mid-anterior and posterior line; whilst behind the ante- 
penultimate does so also, articulating in front. The next four rings 
anteriorly are lozenge-shaped in the middle line, the six above which 
are uniformly thinned; but the intervals between them are much less 
considerable than in Lophortyx californicus. Posteriorly there are no 
interannular intervals at all. The bronchial semirings, the posterior 
muscles, and the bronchidesmus are as in Lophortya. 
In Arboricola atrogularis the bifurcating portion of the windpipe 
most closely resembles that of the American Quails. With no pos- 
terior interannular intervals, those in front are deep and twelve or so 
in number, being interrupted, in the case of that between the last and 
penultimate rings, by a large medio-anterior lozenge-shaped ossification 
which unites them, but continuous above except that a fine fibrous 
band runs up the tube, as in Lophortyx, previously described. The 
