the oth 



EXTERNAL FORM. Ixxiii 



the other bones of the face, b b the cervical vertebrae, c c the 

 dorsal vertebrae, d d the lumbar vertebrae, e e the sacral ver- 

 tebrae united into one piece, and / is the caudal vertebrae or 

 bones of the tail. 



With the vertebral column are connected, (1.) the ribs Hi; 

 (2.) the scapula or shoulder-blade^; (3.) the bones of the pel- 

 vis p. With the shoulder-blade are connected the fore-limbs, 

 consisting, (1.) of the humerus or great bone of the shoulder 

 k; (2.) the fore-arm I m, of which m is the elbow ; (3.) of the 

 bones of the carpus or knee n ; (4.) of the cannon-bone or 

 shank o ; and (5.) of the bones of the pastern and foot 6. 

 ^Vith the pelvis, p, are connected the bones of the posterior 

 limbs, namely, (1.) the femur or great bone of the thigh q ; 

 (2.) the patella or stifle-bone r ; (3.) the tibia or great. btfne 

 of the leg s ; (4.) the bones of the hock t ; (5.) the cannon- 

 bone u ; (6.) the bones of the pastern and foot 6. 



It is from the dorsal vertebrae, or bones of the back, that 

 the ribs proceed, forming hoops which enclose the chest and 

 a part of the abdomen. The number of dorsal vertebrae, and, 

 consequently, of ribs on each side, is eighteen, but sometimes 

 one, or even two more are developed. The ribs are mostly 

 connected by cartilaginous bands with the scapula or breast- 

 bone, of which the upper termination, h, appears in the figure. 

 The breast-bone, flat and of a spongy consistence, is formed 

 of several pieces united together, and is sometimes likened, 

 from its form, to the keel of a ship. The chest contains the 

 lungs and heart, and is separated by a muscular partition 

 from the abdomen, which contains the liver, the stomach, 

 the intestinal canal, the kidneys, and other organs. 



The shoulder-blade or scapula g, of which there is one on 

 each side of the chest, is a flat triangular bone, with its nar- 

 row end pointing obliquely downwards. It is attached to 

 the chest by intervening muscles, and strengthened in its 

 position by other powerful muscles with which it is con- 

 nected. 



Into a shallow cavity at the lower part of this bone, is in- 



