Cll INTRODUCTION. 



production of human food, either the flesh of either sex, or 

 the milk of the female for the products of the dairy. 



For the former of these purposes, namely, the production 

 of the muscular or fatty tissue, we require in the Ox, as in all 

 the other animals cultivated for the same productions, that 

 the chest shall be wide and deep, and the trunk capacious, 

 that the body shall be large in proportion to the limbs, or, in 

 other words, that the limbs shall be short with relation to 

 the bulk of the body, and that the bones shall be what is 

 called fine, as indicated by the delicacy of the extremities. 



The head should be somewhat small, and rather elongated 

 than short and thick. But in the bull, the forehead is na- 

 turally more broad than in the female. When the head of 

 the bull approaches to the narrow and elongated form of that 

 of the female, he may be docile, and apt to fatten readily, 

 but he will have lost too much of his masculine character, 

 and may give birth to too delicate a progeny. Even in the 

 refinement of breeding, therefore, we should desire to see the 

 bull possess so much of the masculine characters as to com- 

 municate a sufficient degree of strength and hardihood to his 

 descendants. On the other hand, should the head of the 

 female approach too much to the masculine character of the 

 bull, we shall have reason to infer from experience, that she 

 will be deficient in the faculty of yielding milk. The chan- 

 nel of the lower jaw should be wide, and the eyes, as indica- 

 tive of health, prominent and clear. 



The bony ridge on the summit of the head, from which the 

 horns proceed, should be somewhat raised, so that the horns 

 shall appear to be slightly attached to the head. The length 

 and size of the horns vary with temperament and race, and 

 in certain breeds they do not exist. But, cseteris paribus, it 

 is to be desired that the horns shall be delicate rather than 

 coarse and thick ; great thickness and coarseness of horn 

 being usually connected with coarseness of the cuticular 

 system. 



The neck, in the natural state, must be of such length that 



