THE SHORT-HORNED BREED. 387 



animals, of the first class, are now every year produced 

 throughout the country. 



The Durham, or improved Teeswater Breed, differs nearly 

 as much from the older cattle of the Tees, as the Dishley 

 Breed of Long-horns from the older race from which it was 

 derived. The height is less, but the trunk is more round 

 and deep ; the limbs are shorter in proportion to the depth 

 of body, and the chest, back, and loin, more broad, so that 

 with less apparent bulk of body the weight is usually greater. 

 The skin is light-coloured, and the hair reddish-brown or 

 white, either separate or mixed. The muzzle is flesh-coloured, 

 and rarely black, the appearance of which colour on the skin 

 indicates the revival of a character of the older varieties, 

 which modern breeders study to exclude. The horns are 

 shorter than in the former breed, light-coloured, blunt, and 

 sometimes laterally flattened. The skin is soft to the touch, 

 the general form square and massive, the shoulder upright, 

 and the hind-quarter large. The uprightness of the shoulder 

 produces a hollowness behind, which does not exist in the 

 same degree in the Devons, the Herefords, and other varie- 

 ties allied to them. The uprightness of the shoulder is re- 

 garded as a defect, but it were more correct to say that it is 

 a character in harmony with the squareness of form distinc- 

 tive of the breed. Although Colling preferred cattle of a 

 medium size, yet the breed being derived from one of great 

 bulk of body, there is a constant tendency to the production 

 of large animals. The breed communicates its characters 

 readily to all others, and the first progeny, even with races 

 the most dissimilar, is usually fine. The females retain, in 

 a considerable degree, the properties of the Holstein race, 

 in yielding a large quantity of milk, in which respect they 

 greatly excel the Long-horns, the Herefords, and the Devons. 

 In the property of yielding milk, however, the new breed is 

 inferior to the older and less cultivated one, shewing that 

 refinement in breeding, and the greater tendency to produce 

 fat, are unfavourable to the secretion of milk. Individual 



