then and what we have tried last year on grain 

 embargoes were essentially restrictions, let's say, 

 rather than embargoes. The Soviet Union )ust turned to 

 Argentina and I knew full well how much was in the 

 warehouse. I have worked with the Argentine govern- 

 ment, the Brazilian government, in the case of 

 soybeans. 



Japan, as a protection against shortages, has 

 worked very closely with both Brazil and Argentina 

 since that embargo and so our market is in jeopardy 

 on soybeans. This comes along now on wheat and 

 corn and it doesn't help us either 



I have a feeling that somewhere or another, we 

 don't have very good communications between the 

 State and the Agriculture Departments, Now, before 

 we make decisions I'm talking about in our federal 

 government, we shouldn't make them precipitously. I 

 agree that embargoes are ineffective except in time of 

 total war Then you get an alignment to stop this like 

 in World War II. But in ordinary times, where there are 

 social upheavals in one country or invasions, there are 

 too many ways where gram is transshipped, and ends 

 up in the place where it wasn't intended to go, in any 

 case, or another source comes onto the market 



(Mr. Bressler): I think the problem. Governor, is 

 that our State Department still doesn't understand 

 what has just been said here. Unfortunately, that still 

 has the predominant influence over trade policy. 



(Governor Lamm): Governor Bruce King. 



(Governor King): I would just like to say that as 

 we have the trade negotiations this fall with Japan that 

 we would remember to address these subjects and try 

 to expand that market in the agricultural fields to 

 Japan. It should be very important to us and I call to 

 balance the production and to not have the surpluses 



Gov George Ariyoshi. Hawaii, makes a point 



that always continually press the market down. And 

 that's the other two sides of this com. the high interest 

 and strengthening of the dollar It not only hurts in 

 that area, but also depresses the market due to an 

 excess in production 



(Governor Lamm): Governor Herschler. 



(Governor Herschler): I am just wondering if any of 

 the panelists might care to comment on how vital 

 research is in sustaining the growth in agricultural pro- 

 ductivity What the role of the states should be? 



(Dr Borlaug): If you permit me, I would like to 

 speak to this point because without it, we're licked. 

 Without good, strong continuing support for research, 

 we're going to be losing ground all the way. It has to 

 be research across a broad spectrum of disciplines. 



To illustrate that, the varieties that are bred and 

 developed and distributed, whether out of Oregon 

 State University or Washington State University or any 

 of the other agricultural experiment stations, with or 

 without the collaboration of the U.S. Department of 

 Agriculture, are short lived. They're going to become 

 susceptible to diseases sooner or later, and if you 

 don't have research backing it up either in the private 

 sector or in the public sector, you're going to have 

 tremendous losses and the only way to hold this 

 back, these losses, to cut them, keep them at reason- 

 able levels, is by continuing research in both the pri- 

 vate sector and in the industrial or in the public 

 sector So, that's a must Yet, research funds are 

 drying up. 



I have seen some very interesting things that have 

 been helpful across nations as a result of a hell of an 

 epidemic of stem rust in 1949, '50, and '51 across the 

 US. and Canada. We set up an arrangement where 

 all of the state experiment stations from spring wheat 

 region, bring their materials to fVlexico and the U.S. 

 Department of Agriculture into Canada. And they 

 grow winter nursery and take it back and this has 

 been going on since 1951 It cuts in half the time that 

 is required to produce a new variety. 



In the same token, we're working with Oregon State 

 in developing winter wheats for third world nations. 

 The feedback is two ways. It might be surprising to 

 some of you that many of these wheats that were 

 developed in fvlexico found a home in California and 

 New Mexico and Arizona They are grown commer- 

 cially in those sizable areas We work with the scien- 

 tists in those places, 



(Governor Lamm): Now, we have Dr Castle and 

 then we'll go to you 



(Dr. Castle): The organization and management of 

 research, public research, in agriculture has been a 



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