Chapter 26 

 Energy, fuels, and chemicals 



CONTENTS 



Page 



26-1 INTRODUCTION 3152 



26-2 THE RAW MATERIAL 3158 



THE RESOURCE 3158 



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS . 3159 



26-3 DIRECT COMBUSTION 3161 



WOOD AS FUEL 3162 



The combustion process 3162 



Moisture content and available heat 3163 



Fuel preparation 3165 



Residues 3168 



Emissions 3170 



Comparison to fossil fuels 3171 



INDUSTRIAL BURNING SYSTEMS 3173 



Dutch ovens 3175 



Fuel cell burners 3176 



Inclined grate furnaces 3178 



Spreader stokers 3178 



Suspension-fired boilers 3179 



Cyclonic furnances 3184 



Fluidized bed burners 3185 



Jasper-Koch burner 3188 



STEAM AND ELECTRICAL GENERATION 3190 



DOMESTIC STOVES AND FIREPLACES 3194 



Efficiency 3195 



Air-flow patterns in stoves 3195 



Economics 3197 



Air pollution and trends 3197 



3150 



