14 A Manual of Veterlna.ru Physiology. 



appear to throw themselves into three distinct groups, viz., 

 the glucoses, or grape-sugar class ; the saccharoses, or cane- 

 sugar class ; and the amyloses, or starchy class. 



Glucoses. Saccharoses. Amyloses. 



+ Glucose. -+- Saccharose. -(- Starch. 



- Levulose. + Lactose. 4- Glycogen. 



+ Galactose. 4- Maltose. + Dextrin. 



Inosite. Cellulose. 



Gums. 



The whole of these bodies contain carbon, hydrogen, 

 and oxygen, the two latter being in the proportion to form 

 water. 



Glucose, also known as Dextrose, is found in fruit, and 

 occurs in small quantities in blood, in certain tissues of 

 the body, in the fluid surrounding the fetus of herbivora, 

 and the urine of the fetal calf and sheep. Under the 

 influence of yeast it yields alcohol and carbonic acid, and it 

 may also undergo the lactic fermentation. 



The test for glucose is Trommer's, also the fermentation 

 test with yeast (see chapter on the Urine). There are 

 several other tests for sugar which will be found described 

 in any text-book on physiology. 



The influence of sugar and other solutions in turning the 

 ray of polarized light to the right or left is well known ; in 

 the classification given above the plus sign indicates that 

 the ray is turned to the right, or dextro-rotatory ; the minus 

 sign to the left, or Uevo-rotatory. 



Levulose is obtained by heating cane sugar with mineral 

 acids ; it may also be produced in the body through the 

 inversive ferment in the intestine ; in either case the cane 

 sugar becomes converted into equal parts of glucose and 

 levulose, the one differing from the other by its behaviour 

 to polarized light. 



Inosite, or muscle sugar, is found in nearly all the organs 

 of the body besides the muscles; it may also be obtained 

 from plants, peas, beans, potatoes, etc. 



The cane-sugar group may be converted into the glucose 

 group in the manner just indicated, cane sugar forming 



